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Organic chemistry
Course: Organic chemistry > Unit 10
Lesson 1: Introduction to aldehydes and ketonesAldehyde introduction
Aldehyde introduction. Created by Sal Khan.
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- near the beginning of the video, Sal has claimed to have drawn "benzaldehyde" however the way he's drawn it is with a CH3 group coming off the double bond Oxygen, so this would now be a Ketone group?(9 votes)
- The way he initially drew it, yes. However, he eventually fixes his mistake and clarifies that it should have been a hydrogen, not a methyl group.(11 votes)
- Atcan we name the aldehyde as isohexanal .. ? help me ! 7:46(4 votes)
- Also, iso refers to a branched carbon group (forming a Y-shape) and does NOT apply to hydrogens. Don't confuse the hydrogen on the aldehyde with a carbon - it's not a methyl group! (If it were, it would be a ketone instead of an aldehyde.) If this is difficult to see just by looking at a structure, it might help to draw C's or dots at each carbon while counting to ensure you're not including any hydrogens.(6 votes)
- I don´t understand why it is a "methyl group" at the end.(4 votes)
- Because it has a one carbon side-chain attached to it, if it was a two carbon side chain it would be ethyl. He talks about naming molecules with alkyl side-chains in this video. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-alkanes-with-alkyl-groups(5 votes)
- What is formed when you oxidize an aldehyde(2 votes)
- If you oxidize an aldehyde, you get a carboxylic acid.(6 votes)
- Would the propanal and pentanal not be propan-1-al and pentan-1-al? I thought you only assumed the one position with cyclic carbon chains. Thats how I was taught anyway.(2 votes)
- When you are talking about an aldehyde, you are refering to an carbonyl group and a hydrogen that both are bound to a carbon atom. Since this is only possible at the end of an carbon chain and you always start numbering from the side where the aldehyde is located, you don't need to mention the one position, because it's always located at the one position.(4 votes)
- Atwhy is it called 2-methyl pentanal instead of 2-methyl pentenal because it has double bond with oxygen so alkene? 7:45(2 votes)
- An alkene is only a double bond between two carbon atoms. Because this molecule has a double bond between a carbon and an oxygen atom (and there is a hydrogen attached to the double bonded carbon), the functional group is called an aldehyde. The presence of the aldehyde is indicated in the suffix -al.(3 votes)
- at 3.31 when Sal says that the Carbon atom double bonded to the Oxygen atom is a carbonyl group , we can also call it a ketone group , right? Because ketones are that Carbon double bonded to the Oxygen with two hydrogens and all..(2 votes)
- A ketone has 2 carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon
An aldehyde has at least 1 hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon(2 votes)
- someone plz list the uses of aldehydes. thnz(2 votes)
- Why is Deoxyribose classified as an aldehyde, when it is not double bonded to an oxygen atom?(1 vote)
- Carbohydrates can exist in an equilibrium between their cyclic form and a open straight chain form. In its 5-membered-ring cyclic form, deoxyribose does't have a C double bonded to an O. However, in its open chain form it does have an aldehyde. These two structure exist in equilibrium so it can still be classified as an aldehyde. Here's an example of this equilibrium (also with the 6-membered ring): http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deoxyribose1.PNG(2 votes)
- where can I find preparation of aldhyde and keton ?(1 vote)
Video transcript
We've done several videos now
on amines, which I forgot to mention, and this is probably
the most fun notion about amines, is that they
tend to be smelly. Let me write this down. Amines tend to be smelly. And I can make the smelly
smell a little bit. And in general, in their gaseous
state, they'll often smell like ammonia, so it's a
very strong smell, or in their liquid state, they usually
smell like fish, or even dead fish. They smell like fish. And, in particular, if you look
at trimethylamine, so this is-- let me draw
it like this. H3C, you have your nitrogen. You have CH3 and then
you have your CH3. And you can even draw
the lone pair. This is trimethylamine. This is the fish smell. This right here is
the fish smell. Now, the whole reason why I
brought this up is because in this video, we're going to
introduce a new type of molecule, and that's
an aldehyde. And I want to contrast
their smells. Now, some of the smaller
aldehydes still have a pretty strong smell, in particular,
formaldehyde. And we'll talk a little
bit more about why this is an aldehyde. So this right here is
formaldehyde, and that's the common name. And you've probably seen
it used as a kind of preservative. Maybe even in your biology
class, if there's like a dead frog in a solution, it's
probably inside of formaldehyde. Let me write this down. Formaldehyde. Once again, this is
the common name. I'm going to teach you in a
second how to systematically name these things. But when you have larger
aldehydes, they actually can have a pretty sweet or
even a rosy smell. So you have something like
benzaldehyde, which you actually saw when we started
the benzene derivatives. So this is benzaldehyde
right over here. Let me write this down. This is benzaldehyde. And then this molecule here,
just when I tell you what it's called, you'll probably guess
what it smells like. So this has a benzene
ring like this. And then you have one,
two, three carbons. The last one's double bonded
to an oxygen and then a hydrogen like there, and
they have a double bond right over here. And this is called
cinnamaldehyde. And as you could guess, this
smells like cinnamon. And, in fact, this is the
molecule in cinnamon that gives it its smell, although you
don't want to have large quantities of it or it
might be poisonous. But in cinnamon, it's a
very pleasant thing. So larger aldehydes tend to
have kind of a nice, rosy, sweet, flowery smell. The smaller ones tend to
be kind of pungent. If you open up that jar in your
biology class and smell that frog, it will not
be a pleasant smell. So now that I've talked about
smell enough, I think, let's talk about what makes an
aldehyde an aldehyde. And you might even see
a pattern here. In all of these aldehydes that
I've drawn, we have a carbon double bonded to an oxygen. And actually, this part of it
right here, and we'll see this over and over again, this is
called a carbonyl group. So that is a carbonyl group. This right here is
a carbonyl group. And you even see it over here. But that by itself is
not the distinctive feature of an aldehyde. You'll see that in other
types of molecules. Let me write it here. Carbonyl. What's distinctive about an
aldehyde is, attached to the carbon in the carbonyl,
you have a hydrogen. And sorry, I forgot to draw
this hydrogen here on benzaldehyde. You have a hydrogen here. So, in general, an aldehyde
is something that looks like this. You have a carbonyl group. You a carbonyl group. You have a hydrogen, and then
you just have some other type of carbon chain. This right here is the simplest
possible aldehyde, and actually, this chain
ends up being just another hydrogen. Now, these three that I've shown
right here, these are their common names, and these
are the way that most people will talk about formaldehyde,
benzaldehyde, or cinnamaldehyde, so they're just
kind of good to know. And I'll show you one more. And this is a pretty
important one. Let me do it down here so
we have some space. So another one looks like this,
so bonded to a CH3 over here and then a hydrogen. This right here is called
acetaldehyde. And I just wanted to expose
you to these common names because this is what
people normally use for these molecules. Now, there is an IAPUC-- I
always forget the acronym. There is a systematic
way to name them. It's actually pretty
straightforward. You just look at the longest
carbon chain, and you always start numbering at the carbon
that's in the carbonyl group. And it's always going to be at
the end of the chain because that's always going to be
bonded to a hydrogen. Actually, let me just
make clear that this is also an aldehyde. You have your carbonyl group,
and on one end, you have a hydrogen, just like that. Now, the systematic way of it,
you just look at the longest carbon chain. Over here, there's
just one carbon. So here, you would call this,
the systematic name, you would call this methanal,
not methanol. Methanol would mean you would
have an OH group. But since you have this double
bond and you have a hydrogen, or you could say this double
bond is at the end of the carbon chain, this
is an aldehyde. So the systematic name is
methanal, not methanol. Let me make that clear. This is methanal right there. This one, I won't do
cinnamaldehyde or benzaldehyde, because this is
really the only way that people name them. Actually, frankly, formaldehyde,
people never call it methanal. And acetaldehyde, they'll never
call it what I'm about to name it, but the systematic
name is, the longest carbon chain, you have one, two
carbons, so it is ethanal. Ethanal, I don't want to
pronounce it incorrectly. So let's do a couple more of
these, just to make sure we have a decent understanding of
the systematic names here. And in general, if you have
a really long chain, the systematic names are
what is used. So this thing right here,
what would you call it? It's clearly an aldehyde. You have a carbonyl group, a
hydrogen, and you have one, two, three carbons. So three carbons, the prefix
is prop-, so it's propanal. It's an aldehyde. If we want to do something
slightly more complicated, let's do something like this. What would this be called? Let's see, we have one, two,
three, four, five. We have five carbons. So it will be pent-. Penta-, and then it's
obviously an aldehyde, so it's pentanal. And you always assume that you
start numbering at the carbon in the carbonyl group, so one,
two, three, four, five. And on the two carbon, you
have a methyl group. So this is 2-methyl. So you have a methyl
group right here. So this is going to be
2-methylpentanal.