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AP®︎/College Statistics
Impact of transforming (scaling and shifting) random variables
AP.STATS:
VAR‑5 (EU)
, VAR‑5.F (LO)
, VAR‑5.F.1 (EK)
Linear transformations (addition and multiplication of a constant) and their impacts on center (mean) and spread (standard deviation) of a distribution.
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I get why adding k to all data points would shift the prob density curve, but can someone explain why multiplying the data by a constant would stretch and squash the graph?(4 votes)
Scaling a density function doesn't affect the overall probabilities (total = 1), hence the area under the function has to stay the same one.
If you multiply the random variable by 2, the distance between min(x) and max(x) will be multiplied by 2. Hence you have to scale the y-axis by 1/2.
For instance, if you've got a rectangle with x = 6 and y = 4, the area will be x*y = 6*4 = 24. If you multiply your x by 2 and want to keep your area constant, then x*y = 12*y = 24 => y = 24/12 = 2. Scaling the x by 2 = scaling the y by 1/2.
If you didn't scale down your y-axis, then your cumulative probabilities will be >1, which is not possible.(3 votes)
Why does k shift the function to the right and not upwards?(2 votes)
Because an upwards shift would imply that the probability density for all possible values of the random variable has increased (at all points). But this would consequently be increasing the area under the probability density function, which violates the rule that the area under any probability density function must be = 1 . Furthermore, the reason the shift is instead rightward (or it could be leftward if k is negative) is that the new random variable that's created simply has all of its initial possible values incremented by that constant k. 0 goes to 0+k. 1 goes to 1+k. 2 goes to 2+k, etc, but the associated probability density sort of just slides over to a new position without changing in its value.(5 votes)
What if you scale a random variable by a negative value? If we scale multiply a standard deviation by a negative number we would get a negative standard deviation, which makes no sense. I think you should multiply the standard deviation by the absolute value of the scaling factor instead.(3 votes)- @rdeyke Let's consider a Random Variable X with mean 2 and Variance 1 (Standard Deviation also natuarally is then 1).
The mean gets multiplied by the constant k, let's say it is -2. As originally, your mean was 2, now new mean would be -2*2 = -4
Next comes the Variance. Variance is scaled by k squared. Hence, it would be multiplied by (-2)^2 which is 4. The Standard Deviation is always the positive root of the Variance, and hence, the SD in this case would come out to be 2.(2 votes)
What do the horizontal and vertical axes in the graphs respectively represent?(3 votes)- The graphs are density curves that measure probability distribution.
The horizontal axis represents the random variable (e.g. X).
The vertical axis represents the probability outcome for each possible value of the random variable.(2 votes)
In real life situation, when are people add a constant in to the random variable(3 votes)
At5:48, the graph of the variable Z is flatted because it was scaled up and must keep the same area. So how is it possible to Z have a bigger mean than X's one?
Sal says Z(mean) = k times X(mean)(0 votes)- You stretch the area horizontally by 2, which doubled the area. Therefore you should compress the area vertically by 2 to half the stretched area in order to get the same area you started with.
imagine you have a discrete random variable X={1,2,3,4,5} The mean is 3 here.
now, you scale up X by a factor of 2 to get Y={2,4,6,8,10} Now the mean is 6.
You can also check this out:
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/modeling-distributions-of-data#effects-of-linear-transformations(6 votes)
What does it mean adding k to the random variable X? Does it mean that we add k to all values X (i.e. possible outcomes of X)?(0 votes)
I think that is a good question. I think since Y = X+k and Sal was saying that Y is also a random variable, the equation is meant to show that Y is an incremented version of X. For eg. If X was representing the amount of rain falling in April, Y would be the amount of rain in mm falling in April plus some constant number 'k', let's say the number is 2.5. Thus the normal distribution for X is shifted 2.5mm to the right. Hope this helps.(4 votes)
- In the second half, when we are scaling the random variable, what happens to the Y value when you scale it by multiplying it with k?(1 vote)
- In the second half, Sal was actually scaling "X" by a value of "k". The resulting distribution was called "Y". If you scaled Y then you would get yet another "stretched" version of that graph (as relating to Y this time, not X).(1 vote)
- So what happens to the function if you are multiplying X and also shifting it by addition?(1 vote)
What will happens if we apply the following expression to x:
y(i) = a * x(i) + (1-a) * y(i-1)
How can we analytically calculate the probability density function of y?(1 vote)
5:48Video transcript
- [Instructor] Let's say that
we have a random variable x. Maybe it represents the height of a randomly selected person
walking out of the mall or something like that and right over here, we have
its probability distribution and I've drawn it as a bell curve as a normal distribution right over here but it could have many other distributions but for the visualization sake, it's a normal one in this example and I've also drawn the
mean of this distribution right over here and I've also drawn one standard
deviation above the mean and one standard deviation below the mean. What we're going to do in this video is think about how does this distribution and in particular, how does the mean and the standard deviation get affected if we were to add to this random variable or if we were to scale
this random variable? So let's first think
about what would happen if we have another random variable which is equal to let's
call this random variable y which is equal to whatever
the random variable x is and we're going to add a constant. So let's say we add, so we're gonna add some constant here. I'll do a lowercase k. This is not a random variable. This is a constant. It could be the number 10. So if these are random heights of people walking out of the mall, well, you're just gonna add
10 inches to their height for some reason. Maybe you wanna figure out, well, the distribution of
people's heights with helmets on or plumed hats or whatever it might be. How would that affect, how would the mean of y and
the standard deviation of y relate to x? So we could visualize that. So what the distribution
of y would look like. So instead of this, instead of the center of the distribution, instead of the mean here
being right at this point, it's going to be shifted up by k. In fact, we can shift. The entire distribution
would be shifted to the right by k in this example. Maybe k is quite large. Maybe it looks something like that. This is my distribution for
my random variable y here and you can see that the distribution has just shifted to the right by k. So we have moved to the right by k. We would have moved to
the left if k was negative or if we were subtracting k and so this clearly changes the mean. The mean is going to now be k larger. So we can write that down. We can say that the mean
of our random variable y is equal to the mean of x, the mean of x of our
random variable x plus k, plus k. You see that right over here but has the standard deviation changed? Well, remember, standard
deviation is a way of measuring typical spread from the mean and that won't change. So for our random variable x, this is, this length right over here is one standard deviation. Well, that's also going to be the same as one standard deviation here. This is one standard deviation here. This is going to be the same as our standard deviation
for our random variable y and so we can say the
standard deviation of y, of our random variable y, is equal to the standard deviation
of our random variable x. So if you just add to a random variable, it would change the mean but
not the standard deviation. You see it visually here. Now, what if you were to
scale a random variable? So what if I have another random variable, I don't know, let's call it z and let's say z is equal to some constant, some constant times x and so remember, this isn't,
the k is not a random variable. It's just gonna be a number. It could be say the number two. Well, let's think about what would happen. So let me redraw the distribution
for our random variable x. So let's see, if k were two, what would happen is is
with this distribution would be scaled out. It would be stretched out by two and since the area always has to be one, it would actually be flattened down by a scale of two as well so
it still has the same area. So I can do that with my
little drawing tool here. Let me try to, first I'm
going to stretch it out by, whoops, first actually
I'll just make it shorter by a factor of two but more importantly, it is
going to be stretched out by a factor of two. So let me align the axes here so that we can appreciate this. So it's going to look something like this. It's going to look something like this when you scale the random variable. This is what the distribution of our random variable
z is going to look like. I'll do it in the z's
color so that it's clear and so you can see two things. One, the mean for sure shifted. The mean here for sure got pushed out. It definitely got scaled up but also, we see that the
standard deviations got scaled, that the standard deviation
right over here of z, that this is a, this has been scaled, it actually turns out
that it's been scaled by a factor of k. So this is going to be equal to k times the standard deviation
of our random variable x and it turns out that
our mean right over here, so let me write that too, that our mean of our random variable z is going to be equal to, that's also going to be scaled up, times or it's gonna be k times the mean of our random variable x. So the big takeaways here, if you have one random variable that's constructed by adding a constant to another random variable, it's going to shift the
mean by that constant but it's not going to affect
the standard deviation. If you try to scale, if you multiply one random
variable to get another one by some constant then that's going to affect
both the standard deviation, it's gonna scale that, and it's going to affect the mean.