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Algebra 1
Course: Algebra 1 > Unit 1
Lesson 1: Overview and history of algebraWhy all the letters in algebra?
In algebra, we often want to work with general concepts instead of specific numbers. Using letters allows us to represent quantities that could change or that we don't know the value of yet. Letters can also be used to generalize formulas or equations. Created by Sal Khan.
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At2:45, Sal mentions the convention of using letters comes from history. Where in history did the convention of letters come from, and how did x and y become so popular (especially with the coordinate plane?)(409 votes)
There's a short TED talk about why x became the standard letter representing an unknown: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YX_OxBfsvbk. In short it is the English (or Latin) version of the Greek letter χ (chi), which was the first letter of the transliteration of the Arabic word for 'something', which was used in the original algebra texts.
Since x was commonly used for one unknown, it made sense to use y as a second, and z as a third unknown.(518 votes)
At1:05, Can we use any symbol (ë, æ, ´¬ or ¤) represent an unknown number?(11 votes)
I think that's a yes, since Mr. Khan says you could use a smiley face.(28 votes)
why do we need to have letters
why can't they just give it to us?
EDIT: Well, I actually meant to ask what's the use of a variable and how is it used in real life.(6 votes)
Because the letters are for when you don't know something - in real life, say you wanted to know how much it cost to drive your car somewhere, and you knew that gas was $5 a gallon, and that your car got 60 miles to the gallon. With that knowledge you can write an equation with x equalling how many miles you drive, and you can use that equation again and again to figure out how much it would cost you to go different distances.
If you didn't have the x in there, you would have to create the equation each time with a different distance.(9 votes)
Imagine you are a person who doesn't know any languages that use the Latin alphabet letters (ex. a, b, c). Do you do algebra with letters from the Latin alphabet, or do you do algebra with letters from your own non-Latin based language?(7 votes)
Well, it would seem to make sense if any culture who doesn't know the English language and/or alphabet to use their own symbols or calligraphy.(5 votes)
how does it work it seams complicated how would you describe it(4 votes)
I had the same reaction and would have preferred simpler examples.
Sal actually does do something like I do briefly in the next video.
You are probably familiar with problems like this.
4 + 3 = _
In Algebra we might write it like this and ask the value of a instead of what number goes in the blank.
a = 4 + 3.
If you think that just makes it harder, I can't disagree.
Even this might seem simple.
7 = 4 + _
While this seems harder.
7 = 4 + a
This seems easy.
3 x 5 = _
This seems harder.
a = 3 x 5
Even this may seem easy.
15 = 3 x _
This may seem harder (especially without the multiplication symbol).
3a = 15
What about something like this?
3 x __ - 4 = 5
This kind of problem is where variables might start to make sense.
3a - 4 = 5
You may still be able to solve the problem easily because the numbers are small and the answer is an integer.
Consider this problem.
Tom needs $47 more to buy a pair of shoes he wants,
He has a chance to earn some money painting a fence.
He figures the job will take 4 hours and the paint will cost $20.
If he is right, what is the least hourly rate he can charge to earn the money he needs.
You might be able to figure this out without using Algebra (and a variable) but it won't be easier.(5 votes)
Why was Jesse Roe in this video if Sal was going to do all the talking anyway? :)(6 votes)- but why letter x and y are commonly used for math?(3 votes)
because x and y are common unknown variables in math! and are the left and right in graphs! also they are used in coding too! there are many uses for x and y!(5 votes)
- Why can't we just stick to numbers?
There is absolutely NO reason for letters at all!
Plus, we don't even know what the letters stand for unless it literally says: letter=#(0 votes)
That would be nice, but unfortunately we do not know the numbers most of the time. We would use algebra to solve for the value of a, x, or whatever letter.
For example, the equation 5 + a = 15. We don't know what a is, and nothing "literally says" what a is equal to. But using algebra, we can figure it out easily, and we find that a = 10.(10 votes)
- Why are the x and y coordinates do popular(4 votes)
See https://gizmodo.com/why-we-use-x-as-the-unknown-in-math-1657254357 for some theories on the matter about the use of x, Descartes also used y for the other axis of the Cartesian Plane(2 votes)
- How to do inspection table(4 votes)
What do you mean "Inspection Table"(1 vote)
2:45Video transcript
I'm here with Jesse Ro, whose a math teacher at Summit San Jose and a Khan Academy teaching fellow and you had some interesting ideas or questions. Yeah, one question that students ask a lot when they start Algebra is why do we need letters, why can't we just use numbers for everything? Why letters? So why do we have all these Xs and Ys and Zs and ABCs when we start dealing with Algebra? Yeah, exactly. That's interesting, well why don't we let people think about that for a second. So Sal, how would you answer this question? Why do we need letters in Algebra? So why letters. So there are a couple of ways I'd think about it. One is if you have an unknown. So if I were to write X plus three is equal to ten the reason why we're doing this is that we don't know what X is It's literally an unknown. And so we're going to solve for it in some way. But it did not have to be the letter X. We could have literally written blank plus three is equal to ten. Or we could have written Question Mark plus three is equal to ten. So it didn't have to be letters, but we needed some type of symbol. It literally could've been Smiley Face plus three is equal to ten. But until you know it, you need some type of a symbol to represent whatever that number is. Now we can go and solve this equation and then know what that symbol represents. But if we knew it ahead of time, it wouldn't be an unknown. It wouldn't be something that we didn't know. So that's one reason why I would use letters and where just numbers by itself wouldn't be helpful. The other is when you're describing relationships between numbers. So I could do something like - I could say - that whenever you give me a three, I'm going to give you a four. And I could say, if you give me a five, I'm going to give you a six. And i could keep going on and on forever. If you give me a 7.1, I'm going to give you an 8.1. And I could keep listing this on and on forever. Maybe you could give me any number, and I could tell you what I'm going to give you. But I would obviously run out of space and time if I were to list all of them. And we could do that much more elegantly if we used letters to describe the relationship. Maybe what you give me we call X, and what I give you we call Y. And so I say, look, whatever you give me, I'm going to add one to it. And that's what I'm going to give back to you. And so now, this very simple equation here can describe an infinite number of relationships between X or an infinite number of corresponding Ys and Xs. So now someone knows whatever X you give me you give me three, I add one to it, and I'm going to give you four. You give me 7.1, I'm going to add one to it and give you 8.1. So there is no more elegant way that you could've done it than by using symbols. With that said, I didn't have to use Xs and Ys. This is just a convention that kind of comes to use from history. I could've defined what you give me as Star and what I give you as Smiley Face and this also would've been a valid way to express this. So the letters are really just symbols. Nothing more.