Alright, then on that note why don't we move onto the next part of the pancreas, which is known as the endocrine pancreas. And this is actually
the part of the pancreas that is the most famous. We hear the most about this
as we'll see in a minute because it has a lot to do with diabetes. The endocrine pancreas
will release hormones rather than the salts
or enzymes we saw above, "will release hormones" that
go into the blood stream. And they will move on
elsewhere throughout the body, to the liver perhaps the intestine, or even as far as muscles
to cause things to happen. And the way the endocrine
pancreas is organized is that there are many "eyes lit" cells, it's actually pronounced "eye-lets"
but I'm mispronouncing it just to let you know how it's spelled. Islet cells that exist and sit
in islands, "Sit in islands." So, there are three
types, or three main types of islet cells that
we're going to talk about and they're all present to
some extent in each island, or group of cells in the pancreas. Let's go through them one by one. So, first of all, we've
got what are called alpha islet cells, "alpha islet cells." And these guys release a hormone that's called glucagon, "glucagon". And the main function of glucagon is to take things like glycogen, which is a whole bunch of
glucose molecules that are stacked up on top of each other, and then break them down into smaller glucose
monomers or molecules. So, we're making glucose from glycogen whenever we release our glucagon. I'll write "glucagon" up here. And it's not just carbohydrates. But glucagon is responsible
for the breakdown of a whole bunch of macromolecules. So, I'll just drive it home by writing, "glucagon causes break down" over here. The next type of islet cell that we have and perhaps the most famous of them all are our beta islet cells. So, our beta islet cells
house and release insulin. Now when you hear
"insulin", there should be a lot of lightbulbs coming up because insulin is responsible for
a whole bunch of things. For one, when we look over
here, insulin is what causes the opposite of this reaction, where instead of breaking
down glucagen into glucose, insulin causes glucose to be stored or built up into glycogen. So insulin does the exact opposite. And again to drive that home. It's not just for carbohydrates, but its for a whole bunch
of things that get built up. So I'll write "insulin is
responsible for the build up or storage of our macromolecules". But what might be the most important thing to mention about insulin, is that it is the hormone
that is related to or responsible for the
disease known as diabetes. Gosh, we could have entire
tutorials on diabetes and what it does and what it means. But for right now, just know
that at it's bare basics, diabetes occurs or causes
damage to our bodies because we have too much
glucose, "too much glucose", floating around in our body,
too much sugar, alright? And that happens because
insulin is not working properly. We're not building up and
storing glucose and glycogen like were supposed to be doing. Instead it's running all over the body. And because of that, we have what's called "eye, nerve and kidney disease", that's sort of the catch
phrase we use in medicine to describe diabetes. It's eye nerve and kidney
disease because with too much glucose over time we're unable to see. The nerves most commonly
in our feet are not able to sense pricks or stings
or damage that occurs there and eventually can cause amputation. And our kidneys stop working over time, which can lead to dialysis
and that causes early death. And in addition to these three, glucose goes all over the body and causes a whole bunch of other things like earlier onset of heartattack and other types of complications. The other thing I should
mention about diabetes is that there are two types of diabetes, "there are two types". There is type one diabetes
and there is type two. And the way you
differentiate type one versus Type two diabetes is
based on how it's caused. And this all points back to insulin. In type one diabetes, we have no insulin. So, the person who has type one diabetes has no insulin production. And because of that we're not able to store our sugar and glycogen, we're not able to put it away. And so we have it all over the place. That causes eye nerve and kidney disease among other complications. In type two diabetes,
your insulin receptors. So, you have insulin
that's being produced, but your insulin receptors are broken, "your insulin receptors are broken". So, even if we do produce insulin and it goes where it's
supposed to go in our body, these receptors will not respond. And so it's as if we don't have
insulin in our body at all. And there's so much more
that we can say here, but we'll close our
conversation on diabetes for now and we'll revisit this later. Let's move on to the
third type of islet cell we've got in the pancreas and
those are delta islet cells, "delta islet cells". And these are the guys that
release a hormone called "somatostatin" which is the
major party pooping hormone released from the pancreas
because its main job is to stop the jobs of all the other
hormones that are active. And these hormones can include things like we've talked about
here, glucagon, insulin. There are other hormones that are also contained in the GI
tract that include things like cholecystokinin that we
talked about elsewhere. And symatostatin will go in and cause the effects of those hormones to stop and that's sort of its main role there. So, that's our endocrine pancreas and we talked about earlier
our exocrine pancreas. So, the pancreas is responsible for a lot. No wonder surgeons have the phrase, "Eat when you can, sleep when you can, and don't mess with the pancreas."