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Trigonometry
Course: Trigonometry > Unit 2
Lesson 4: Special trigonometric values in the first quadrantCosine, sine and tangent of π/6 and π/3
CCSS.Math:
With the unit circle and the Pythagorean theorem, we can find the exact sine, cosine, and tangent of the angles π/6 and π/3. Created by Sal Khan.
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How does Sal determine that the point of which π/3 intersects the actual unit circle in in4:10? I still don't understand that especially the part of which he says that it is (cos π/3,sin π/3)? Please let me know, thank you.(9 votes)
So π/3 is 60 degrees (π/3*180/π) which is how he estimates about where π/3 is. He then uses trig functions to get the points. By drawing a right triangle, the hypotenuse is 1 (radius of unit circle), the adjacent part along the x axis is defined by the function cos(π/3) = adj/hyp, but since the hyp=1, you get adj = cos(π/3) and the opposite part of the triangle would be sin(π/3) = opp/hyp, so the opp =sin(π/3). So staying in the first quadrant, the point on the unit circle defined by 0<x<π/2 (or 0<x<90) would always be (cos(x),sin(x)).(2 votes)
I recently saw a question on someone else's test that I wasn't sure about.csc 158° 10'
I assume that the problem was saying 10 * csc(158), where the tick mark mean distance or perhaps feet? The only question was to calculate the answer.
I am not aware of the notation with the little tickmark as shown.
Thanks for your time!(5 votes)
A degree of arc is subdivided into 60 'minutes of arc', or just 'minutes'. An arcminute is further divided into 60 arcseconds. So there are 60^2=3600 arcseconds in a degree.
We denote an arcminute with a ', and an arcsecond with a ".
So 158º 10' is 158 degrees, 10 minutes, or 158 and one-sixth degrees (since 10/60=1/6).(3 votes)
Why is tangent = Sine over cosine?(2 votes)
sine = opposite/hypotenuse
cosine = adjacent/hypotenuse
sine∕cosine = (opposite/hypotenuse)/(adjacent/hypotenuse)
= opposite∕adjacent = tangent(8 votes)
How do you find the trig ratios(sine, cosine and tangent) for other angles like pi/5, pi/10 or any other arbitrary angle.(3 votes)- The two angles you mention, 𝜋∕5 = 36° and 𝜋∕10 = 18°, we can actually find exact expressions for that aren't too complicated.
We start with a 72-72-36 triangle.
We let the base of this isosceles triangle have length 1, and the legs have length 𝑥.
Then we draw the bisector to one of the 72° angles.
This splits the triangle into two new isosceles triangles, one of which is a 72-72-36 triangle.
We can figure out that this triangle has a base of length 𝑥 − 1, while the legs are of length 1.
Since this triangle is similar to the original triangle, we can set up the equation
𝑥 − 1 = 1∕𝑥.
Multiplying both sides by 𝑥 and then subtracting 1 from both sides, we get
𝑥² − 𝑥 − 1 = 0,
which has the positive solution
𝑥 = (1 + √5)∕2.
Now we go back to the original triangle.
Because it is isosceles, we know that its height bisects both the 36° angle and the base, thus splitting the triangle into two congruent right triangles –
either of which having one angle being 18° with the opposite side having length 1∕2
and a hypotenuse of length 𝑥 = (1 + √5)∕2.
Thus, sin(18°) = (1∕2)∕((1 + √5)∕2),
which simplifies to (√5 − 1)∕4.
Because 18° lies in the first quadrant, we know that cos(18°) is positive:
cos(18°) = +√(1 − sin²(18°)),
which we calculate to √(10 + 2√5)∕4.
To get a somewhat neat expression for tan(18°) we begin by finding
tan²(18°) = sin²(18°)∕cos²(18°) = (1 − cos²(18°))∕cos²(18°) = 1∕cos²(18°) − 1
= 16∕(10 + 2√5) − 1,
which can be simplified to (25 − 10√5)∕5².
Again, 18° lies in the first quadrant, so tan(18°) is positive, and we get
tan(18°) = √(25 − 10√5)∕5.
– – –
To find sin(36°) we can use the double angle formula
sin(2𝑥) = 2 sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥)
⇒ sin(36°) = 2 sin(18°) cos(18°) = 2(√5 − 1)∕4⋅√(10 + 2√5)∕4
= (√5 − 1)√(10 + 2√5)∕8.
Again, squaring both sides allows us to get a neater result:
sin²(36°) = (6 − 2√5)(10 + 2√5)∕64,
simplifying to (10 − 2√5)∕16.
36° lies in the first quadrant, so
sin(36°) = √(10 − 2√5)∕4.
cos(36°) = √(1 − sin²(36°)),
which we calculate to √(6 + 2√5)∕4.
Finally,
tan²(36°) = 1∕cos²(36°) − 1 = 16∕(6 + 2√5) − 1,
which simplifies to 5 − 2√5
⇒ tan(36°) = √(5 − 2√5).(6 votes)
- 3:25: How does Sal get b is the sqrt of 3 over 2? He doesn't seem to show his work there...(3 votes)
- He starts from b^2 = 3/4. The opposite of squaring is square rooting (sort of, but Sal mentions we are taking the primary -positive - root only). So taking square root of everything, you get √b^2 = √3/√4. On the left, the square and root cancel, on the right √4=2, so you end up with b = √3/2.(4 votes)
- why are pi/3 60degrees and pi/6 30degrees?(3 votes)
- Because unit cirkel is 360 degrees, equal to 2 pi r. 1 pi r 180, and 1/3 pi r therefore 60 degrees.(3 votes)
How do I determine the value of (2pi)/3 or (3pi)/4.
It is assumed that you know this in later exercises but I can't find a video that explains the extrapolation.(2 votes)- Whether a trigonometric function is positive is indicated by ASTC
A- All are positive in the first quadrant
S- Sine is the only positive trigonometric function in the second quadrant
T-Tangent is the only positive trigonometric function in the third quadrant
C- Cosine is the only positive trigonometric function in the 4 quadrant.
Alternatively know that cos theta = x, sin theta = y,
tan theta = y/x and then you could figure out where each trigonometric function is positive based on y and x values in the unit circle. So in the 4 quadrant since x is positive cosine is positive since cos theta = x. On the other hand sin theta is negative because the y value is negative in the 4th quadrant. And hence tan theta is negative since tan theta = y/x
Now let define the absolute value function.
|x| = { x, x>=0
{-x, x<0
The relate angle is an acute angle such that:
trig_function(related_angle) = |trig_function(some_angle)|.
To keep things simple let work with degrees instead of radians, So 120 degrees and 135 degrees.
The related angle of 120 is 60 degrees.
Quick check sin(60) = |sin(120)|
The related angle of 135 is 45 degrees.
Quick check tan(45) = |tan(135)|
If you want to double check these equations hold Then you could make use of congruency testing in the unit circle. Create a right angle triangle from 135 degree and 45 degrees. From AAS we can say the right angle triangle are congruent. And therefore
tan(45) = |tan(135)|(3 votes)
Does that mean if hypotenues = A then adjecent side is A.cos(theta) and opposite side is A.sin(theta)?(1 vote)- Yes, since sin(<)=opp/hyp, you could multiply by hyp to get opp=hyp sin(<), same for cos(<).(4 votes)
- How to drop an altitude when drawing precisely?(2 votes)
Drawing a vertical line is as precise as it can get :)(2 votes)
- Why is the length of the hypothenuse 1?(2 votes)
It’s because the radius of the unit circle is one. The radius of a circle is the length from the center to any point on the circle, so if the unit circle has a radius of one, because the hypotenuse is coming from the center, it has to have length of one.(1 vote)
4:10Video transcript
- [Instructor] In this video, we're going to figure out what
the sine, cosine and tangent of two very important angles are. Angles that you will see a
lot in your trigonometric and just in general in your regular life. So these are the angles, pi over 3 radians and pi over 6 radians. And sometimes it's useful to
visualize them as degrees. pi over 3, you might remember
pi radians is 180 degrees, so you divide that by three, this is equivalent to 60 degrees. And once again, 180 degrees, which is the same thing as
pi radians divided by six is the same thing as 30 degrees. Now, I'm going to do it using
the unit circle definition of trig functions. But to help us there, I'm going to give us a
little bit of a reminder of what some of you might be familiar with as 30, 60, 90 triangles, which I guess we could
also call pi over six, pi over three, pi over two triangles. And so let me just draw one because this is going to be really helpful in establishing these trig functions using the unit circle definition. So let me draw a triangle here, it's hand drawn, so it's not as neat as it could be. So this right over here is a right angle, and let's say that this one
is pi over three radians which is the same thing as 60 degrees, and this one over here
is pi over six radians which is the same thing as 30 degrees. Now, let's also say that the longest side, the hypotenuse here has length one. Now, to help us think about
what the other two sides are, what I'm going to do is
flip this triangle over this side right over here, and essentially construct a mirror image. So because this right over
here is a mirror image, we immediately know a few things. We know that this length right over here is going to be congruent
to this length over here. And let me actually finish
drawing the entire triangle, it's going to look something like this. And since once again, it's a reflection, this length over here is
going to have length one, this is going to be pi over six radians, this is going to be pi over three radians. So what else do we know about
this larger triangle now? Well, we know it's an
equilateral triangle. All the angles, pi over three radians, pi over three radians and if you add two pi over sixes together, you're going to get pi over three as well, so it's a 60 degree, 60
degree, 60 degree triangle. And so all the sides are
going to have the same length, so it's going to be one, one and one. And if these two sides are congruent of the smaller triangles, of the smaller right triangles, well then this right over
here must be one half, and then this right over here
must be one half as well. Now, that's going to be useful for figuring out what this
length right over here is going to be. Because we have two right triangles, we could use either one, but if we just use this
bottom right triangle here the Pythagorean theorem tells us that one half squared, let's call this B, so plus B squared, I'm just pattern matching, A squared plus B squared
is equal to C squared where C is the length of the hypotenuse, is equal to one squared. And so we get that one
fourth plus B squared is equal to one or subtracting one fourth from both sides. B squared is equal to three-fourths, and then taking the
principle root of both sides, we get B is equal to the
square root of three over two. So just like that, we have figured out what all the lengths of this
30, 60, 90 triangle are. So B here is equal to square
root of three over two. Now, I said this would
be useful as we go into the unit circle definitions
of sine, cosine and tangent. And we're about to see why. So here I have two different unit circles, I'm going to use one for
each of these angles. So first, let's think about
pi over three radians. And so pi over three, would look something like this, this is pi over three radians. And the cosine and sine can be determined by the X and Y coordinates of this point where this radius intersects
the actual unit circle. The coordinates here
are going to be cosine of pi over three radians and sine of pi over three radians. Or another way to think about it is, I can set up a 30, 60, 90 triangle here, so I'm going to drop a perpendicular. This would be 90 degrees
or pi over two radians. And then this angle over here, this is 60, this is 90,
this is going to be 30, or another way of thinking about it, it's going to be pi over six radians. It's going to be just like
one of these triangles here. And so the X coordinate, which is going to be the
same thing as the cosine of pi over three, is going to be the length of
this side, right over here. Well, what's that going to be? Well, when your hypotenuse is one, we know that the shorter side, the side opposite the pi over
six radians, is one half. So just like that, we have
been able to establish that cosine of pi over three
radians is equal to one half. This right over here is one half, that is the X coordinate where this radius
intersects the units circle. Now, what about the Y coordinate? What is sine of pi over three going to be? Well, the Y coordinate is the same thing as the length of this side, and once again, it goes
back to being this triangle. If this is one, this is one half, this is one, this is one half, this other side is going to be square root of three over two. So sine of pi over three is going to be square
root of three over two, so let me write that down. Sine of pi over three is equal to square root of three over two. And these are good ones to know. I never say really memorize things, it's always good to know
how to derive things in case you forget. But if you have to memorize them I would highly recommend memorizing these, and then of course from these
we can figure out the tangent. The tangent is just going to
be the sine over the cosine, so let me write it down here. The tangent of pi over three is going to be the sine, which is square root of three over two, over the cosine which is one half, got a little squanchy down there, and so this is just going to be square root of three over two times two is just going to be square root of three. So now let's just use that
same logic for pi over six. And in fact, I encourage
you to pause this video and see if you can do that on your own. All right, now let's draw a radius that forms a pi over six radian angle with a positive X axis,
might look like that. So if that's going to
be pi over six radians, you might imagine it's interesting to drop a perpendicular here and see what type of
triangle we've constructed. So this has length one, this is pi over six radians, this is a right angle. So this again, is going to
follow the same pattern. This will be pi over three radians. And so the sides are
exactly the exact same as this top blue triangle here. So we know that this length over here is going to be one half. We know that this length over here is going to be square
root of three over two. And that's useful because that tells us the coordinates here. The coordinates here, the X coordinate of this
point where the radius intersects the unit circle is square root of three over two, and then the Y coordinate is one half. And that immediately tells us the cosine and the sine of pi over six, let's just write it down. So this tells us that
cosine of pi over six is equal to square root of three over two. And sine of pi over six is equal to one half. Notice, we actually just
swap these two things around because now the angle that we're taking the sine or cosine of, is a different angle on
a 30, 60, 90 triangle, but we're essentially utilizing
the same side measure, just one way to think about it. And then what's the tangent going to be? I'll write it down here. The tangent of pi over six is going to be the sine over the cosine square root of three over two, and so that's going to
be equal to one half times two over the square root of three, which is equal to one over
the square root of three. Now some people sometimes
don't like radicals in the denominator and so you can multiply the
numerator and the denominator by square root of three if you like to get something like this, you multiply the numerator and denominator by square root of three you get square root of three over three, which is another way of
writing tangent of pi over six. But either way, we're done, it's very useful to know
the cosine, sine and tangent of both pi over three and pi over six. And now you also know how to derive it.