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Calculus, all content (2017 edition)
Unit 2: Lesson 3
Derivative as instantaneous rate of changeTangent slope as instantaneous rate of change
Sal finds the average rate of change of a curve over several intervals, and uses one of them to approximate the slope of a line tangent to the curve. Created by Sal Khan.
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what is a smooth function?(61 votes)
Smooth function must be continous and can't cannot have any "sharp" corners.
http://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/polynomials-behave.html(46 votes)
Have anyone notice that the secant line in the interval [6.5,7.5] is equal to the sum of the secant line in the intervals [6.5,7] and [7,7.5] divided by two?
Is this a property of derivatives or slopes?(31 votes)- It is a property of quadratic equations.(14 votes)
why do we need to draw graphs all the time??(0 votes)
Most people can "get" the problem more easily by observing what the curve or line or triangle looks like. They can then label angles and foci and xnought, vertex and whatever, and from that basis, they can more easily set up the necessary equations.
But I know that SOME people can figure out characteristics of functions like x³-6x²+5x -2 in their heads and can describe the transformations, and announce where the vertex will be if the directrix of x²+4x -3 is increased by 2, or what the instantaneous rate of change will be when x = -2. If you can do that, awesome! You don't need to draw graphs.
Or you don't need to draw graphs until you try to explain and justify your method of solution to someone without your gifts. Also, teachers and professors usually require it so that you can prove that you know the significance of the numbers and formulas.
I don't know of a profession where you don't need to show results to someone else in your company, or to potential clients or peers in academia, and often the most interesting thing is increase over time, maximum profit, rate of decline or decay, etc. --exactly this stuff that Sal is teaching us--unless you are planning to stack firewood or something.(52 votes)
At7:10Sal did an incomplete equation. Isn't the equation in the form of y = mx + c?(6 votes)
The equation of a line can be written several different ways. The form you mention is called "slope-intercept form," because we can easily read off the slope (m) and the y-intercept (c in your version, although it's more usual to use b for the y-intercept).
This problem requests the equation in a different form called "point-slope form." This form allows us to read off the slope (1.9) and the coordinates of a point through which the line passes (7, 109.45). This equation is not incomplete. With a little algebraic manipulation it can be converted into slope-intercept form, but an equation in that form was not requested for this problem.(8 votes)
- Why do we call it a secant line ? Why not cosine line or sine line ?(5 votes)
That makes sense with one definition of a secant. But in fact there are two definitions. The one you refer to is the secant trig identity. The other is a line that intersects the perimeter of a circle at exactly two points but is not the diameter. The second definition is the one referred to in the name secant line. When a line intersects two points on a curve it creates a kind of secant line.(4 votes)
At7:15, isn't point-slope form y=m(x-h)+k?(3 votes)- Yes, but it's also very common to refer as point-slope form
y - k = m(x - h)since the only step left is to addkto both sides.(5 votes)
Why does he always say y=f(x) on the y axis? is this true? I thought f(x) is the function of x, why can we say the y-axis is equal to this function?(2 votes)
If I say y=x², and then I ask, "if x=2, what is y and what point on the x-y graph should I plot?", what would be your reply?
Hopefully your reply would be "y=4 and the point to plot would be where x=2 and y=4, or, (2, 4)."
Now, if I say f(x)=x², and then I ask, "if x=2, what is f(x) and what point of the x-y graph should I plot?", hopefully you would say "f(x)=4 and the point to plot would be where x=2 and y=4, or, (2, 4)."
In both cases the value of y and of f(x) are dependent on what x is. In the f(x) =x² case, the function is given a name, f. In the y=x² case, it is still a function, but it has no name. So if you have some function of x, lets call it g, and you say, "y=g(x)" all you are doing is associating the output of g(x) to a value on the y axis so that the graph of the function can be plotted.(7 votes)
- where did he get the y´s?(2 votes)
- I think you're referring to the y's in the point-slope form of the equation seen at7:12. The general form of an equation in point-slope form is y - y1 = m(x - x1) where m is the slope and (x1,y1) is the point. Our point is (7,109.45) and the slope is the average slope between [6.5,7.5] which is 1.9. Plug these into the equation and you get an approximation of the equation of a tangent line at (7,109.45).(2 votes)
does this video means we are using triangles to solve the problems?(2 votes)- I do understand that the gradient of a line is always taken as (rise/run), (delta y/delta x) and so on. However, even after knowing this formula for many years, I have never understood as to why DELTA Y is the numerator and not the denominator. Any help? Thanks(1 vote)
- That is because y is the dependent variable and you need to do something to x to convert it to y.
Suppose that x represents time in seconds and y represents distance in meters. Then, a linear relationship would look have units like this:
y in meters = [(∆y in meters) / (∆x in sec ] ∙ (x in sec) + (y intercept in meters)
Notice that the unit "seconds" cancels out. But if we had the gradient with the x in the numerator and the y in the denominator, then the units wouldn't work out. So, you couldn't use that.
Also, when there is 0 slope or gradient, then if you had the ∆y in the denominator, you would get division by 0 and not be able to solve problems involving horizontal lines.(3 votes)
7:10Video transcript
The data for three points
on a smooth function f is given in the table. So let's actually
graph these, just so that we can visualize
it a little bit. So our vertical axis,
let's just call that y, is equal to f of x. And then we have
our horizontal axis. We have our horizontal
axis, this is our x-axis. And we're going to
skip some space here, just because we immediately go
to very high values of f of x. And I'll even skip
some space here, since we already go up to
6.5 all the way up to 7.5. So let me just show that I'm
skipping some space here. And we're going to start. Let's say this is
108, 108, 109, 110. And let's say that this right
over here is 6.5, that is 7, and then that is 7.5. And we can plot these points. 6.5 comma 108.25, that'll
put us right over there. 7 comma 109.45, that puts
us right around there. And then 7.5, 110.15 puts
us right around here. And these are just three
points on a smooth function f. So we can visualize what
that smooth function f might look like. It might look
something like this. So maybe it looks
something like this. So our smooth function
f might look something-- who knows what it
looks like after this. So that's, this
right over here is, this is the graph of
y is equal to f of x, Now let's try to
answer their questions. What is the average
rate of change of f with respect to x as x
goes from 6.5 to 7, 7 to 7.5, and 6.5 to 7.5? So let's do them one at time. 6.5 to 7, our change in x here,
our change in x is 7 minus 6.5, which is equal to 0.5. And our change in y here
is equal to-- let's see. We end up at 109.45 minus
108.25, which is 1.2. So our average rate of
change over this interval is our change in y over
our change in x, or 1.2 divided by 0.5. Let me write this down. Our change in y over our change
in x is equal to 1.2 over 0.5, which is equal to 2.4. So this is equal to 2.4. Now let's do the next interval. Our change in x, once
again, is 7.5 minus 6.5. Change in x is still 0.5. That's hard to read, let me
write that a little bit neater. So our change in x is
still 0.5, 7 to 7.5. And our change in y, let's see. We end up at 110.15. We started at 109.45. So our change is 0.7. So it's 0.7. So our change in y over
our change in x is equal to 0.7/0.5, which
is equal to 1.4. And so you can see that
the slope of the secant line-- this
essentially the slope of the secant line
between these two points. So this one, this
one right over here-- let me try my best to draw it. This one right over here. You can see it's steeper
than the second one, than this secant
line right over here, than this secant line
right over there. And now let's find the slope--
the average rate of change. I should say, or the
slope of the secant. The average rate of change
over this interval, which is the same thing as the
slope of the secant line between that point
and that point. So let's think
about our delta x. And maybe I'll do it up here. So our delta x, we're
going from 6.5 to 7.5. So our delta x is equal to
1 and what is our delta y? So our delta y, our change
in y, is equal to, let's see. We end up at 110.15. We started at 108.25. 110.15 minus 108.25,
we increase by 1.9. So our change in y over change
in x is equal to 1.9 over 1, which is equal to 1.9. Fair enough. And that's the slope of this
secant line between this point and this point right over here. Slope of the secant line. It would look
something like that. You see that it's slightly less
steep than the magenta secant, and it's slightly more steep
than the orange secant. It's kind of in between the two. Now they ask us
this final question. Use the average rate of
change of f on the larger interval from here to here--
which we already figured out, that's 1.9-- as an approximation
for the slope of the line tangent to f at x equals 7. So we're trying to approximate
the slope of the line tangent to f at f equals 7. So the line tangent might
look something like this. And we see, at
least visually, it looks like that little
blue line we drew. This one right over here does
look like it's-- at least the way I've drawn it-- it
looks like it's a pretty good approximation for
the slope up there. So we'll use this as the
slope, as an approximation for the slope of the tangent
line to f at x equals 7. They say, write an equation for
the line tangent f at 709.45 using point slope form. So it's going to be
a line where we're going to use this as an
approximation for slope. And it's going to
contain this line. It's tangent. It touches to the
curve at this point. And so point slope form,
just as a reminder, it's just another way of saying
that every point on this line, every point on
this line, x comma y-- If we were to find
the change in x and change in y relative to this
point right over here, it's always going to
have a constant slope. So one way you could say is
if you take an arbitrary point x, y on this line, you
could say your change in y. So y minus 109.45
over your change in x, so we know that
the 0.7 is there. Or the 0.7 is-- when x is
equal to 7, f of x is 109.45. So we're referencing
the same point. When our change in x is x
minus 7, our change in y is y minus 109.45. And this is always going
to be constant for any x, y that I pick on this line there. And we're using this
as an approximation for what that's going to be. That's going to be equal to 1.9. So if you want to put
it in point slope form, you just multiply both
sides times x minus 7. And you get y minus 109.45 is
equal to 1.9 times x minus 7. And we are done. That is an approximation. We've approximated the slope. And if this was the
slope, this would be the equation of the tangent
line in point slope form.