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US history
Course: US history > Unit 1
Lesson 2: Before contact- Native American societies before contact
- Native American culture of the Southwest
- Native American culture of the West
- Native American culture of the Northeast
- Native American culture of the Southeast
- Native American culture of the Plains
- Lesson summary: Native American societies before contact
- Native American societies before contact
- Native American societies before European contact
- Pre-colonization European society
- African societies and the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade
- European and African societies before contact
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Native American culture of the Southwest
The Ancestral Pueblo people lived in the southwestern region of the modern United States; they constructed elaborate buildings and began the American farming tradition.
Overview
- Many distinct Native American groups populated the southwest region of the current United States, starting in about 7000 BCE.
- The Ancestral Pueblos—the Anasazi, Mogollon, and Hohokam—began farming in the region as early as 2000 BCE, producing an abundance of corn. Navajos and Apaches primarily hunted and gathered in the area.
- These groups deserted the area around 1300 CE, probably due to crop failures; European colonists encountered people partially descended from the Ancestral Pueblos in the mid-1500s.
Geographic and temporal setting: the Pueblo desert
The Southwest region, expanding through present-day Arizona and New Mexico and into Colorado, Texas, Utah, and Mexico, was home to a variety of indigenous groups and cultural practices pre-colonization. In this region dwelled several groups we collectively call the Pueblo. The Spanish first gave them this name, which means “town” or “village,” because they lived in towns or villages of permanent stone-and-mud buildings with thatched roofs. The three main groups of the Pueblo people were the Mogollon, Hohokam, and Anasazi.
Anasazis, sometimes called the Ancestral Pueblos, resided in the Four Corners region (where the states of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet today); the Mogollon lived mostly in southwestern New Mexico; the Hohokam dominated the desert of southern Arizona.
Historians estimate that these three groups reigned over the region from approximately 200-1500 CE, and either dissolved or evolved into the Pueblos, whom the Spanish encountered during colonization and who still reside in modern New Mexico. They have also transformed into the Zuni and Hopi tribes. The Apache and Navajo tribes arrived in the Pueblo region around 1200 CE from the Pacific Northwest and remained distinct from the Pueblo people living in the region.
Common food practices: introduction of agriculture
Historians credit Anasazis, Mogollons, and Hohokams as the first farmers in America. Corn, the first crop the Ancestral Pueblos cultivated, permeates many creation stories of the Pueblo people. The Ancestral Pueblos regarded the harvest of corn not only as a nutritional necessity but as a spiritual gift. Although agriculture seemed to represent the society’s advancement, the Ancestral Pueblos had a much healthier diet when they hunted and gathered, as opposed to the limited diversity in a diet dominated by corn.
In the arid climate of the Southwest, Ancestral Pueblos developed complex irrigation systems, which maintained crops even in the hot sun. By 800 CE, Hohokams had created one of the largest irrigation systems to date, stretching through most of what we call Arizona today. This new irrigation system allowed the Pueblos to begin planting beans and squash in addition to corn.
These elaborate systems enabled agriculture to flourish, which allowed new forms of production and societal development. Women began to make ceramic pots to hold the surplus of corn, squash, and beans, and large vessels to grind the corn. They also wove baskets with which to collect the harvest.
Although agriculture boomed in the region, Navajos and Apaches arrived from the Pacific Northwest in about 1200 CE and retained the dominant food practice of their home region, hunting and gathering.
Societal organization: villages and pueblos
Agriculture dictated the way the Ancestral Pueblo people lived. With surplus food and stability, they became more sedentary, living in stone and adobe houses. Equivalent to massive present-day apartment complexes, these buildings had multiple stories, each with multiple rooms. The Ancestral Pueblos, regarded as highly developed for their time, tended to live in larger towns with thousands of people and intricate dwellings.
Chaco Canyon, a center for the Anasazi people, was a trade hub and home to over twelve thousand people. The Chacoans, a branch of the Anasazi people living in the canyon, created over four hundred miles of roads that connected the town to other villages in the region. The Chacoans mostly traded away turquoise, traveling west for seashells from California, south for exotic birds from Central America, and north for minerals and ores from the Rocky Mountains.
Navajos and Apaches were more nomadic as they continued to hunt and gather. Since they were always on the move, their homes were much less permanent than pueblos. For instance, Navajos fashioned their iconic eastward-facing round houses, known as hogans, out of materials like mud and bark.
Social and religious norms: the spirit of the crop
These southwestern peoples believed that farming was a more reliable way to ensure their society’s sustenance than hunting and gathering. But that hypothesis proved false in the face of natural disaster. A persistent drought, lasting from about 1130-1180 CE, decimated Anasazis' crops, while a major flood in 1358 destroyed the Hohokam irrigation system.
These disasters led the Ancestral Pueblos to hold spiritual ceremonies, praying to their gods for a bountiful harvest and good weather. They would pray to natural entities, like plants and animals, for agricultural, hunting, and personal success. These religious ceremonies brought together lots of people to create larger religious communities than social units like the family.
The extended family lived and worked together, both women and men participating in the agricultural processes. Since the Pueblos did less hunting, men helped with farming. In addition to farm labor, women raised children and performed household tasks, while male heads of households would participate in an informal council to make community, or band, decisions.
Ultimately, most of the Ancestral Pueblos fled the area, probably due to drought. The Spanish encountered a hodgepodge of remaining descendants of the Ancestral Pueblos in the mid-1550s, whom they named the Pueblos.
What do you think?
How did the introduction of agriculture affect the religious practices of the ancient southwestern Native Americans?
How did the Ancestral Pueblos urbanize the southwest region? How did that compare to the Native Americans in the northeast region?
Do you think the Ancestral Pueblos should have continued hunting and gathering for their main source of nourishment? Why or why not?
Want to join the conversation?
Where these people actually Indian?(61 votes)
Yes and No.
The native populations of the Americas go by many different names. Originally they were called Indians due to Columbus misnaming the inhabitants of the America as "Indios" later translated to Indians in English. Hence why the Caribbean is sometimes referred to as the "West Indies". In Modern times it is considered more proper to call them Native Americans, but many historians also call them Amerindians. Yet, there are also many Native American groups that prefer to be called the "Indian People".
To recap,
You can call the inhabitants of the Southwest (and the rest of Americas) either Indian, Native American, Amerindian, or the Indian People. So in a sense, yes these people are actually considered to be part of the "Indian" group.
Hope this answers your question!(165 votes)
Can we just make up are minds about how this Country originated and when it originated ?(0 votes)
I don't believe this is something people 'make up' their minds about. Forming one way to think based on evidence and not deviating from that is dangerous to human growth. We must forever investigate, poke, prod and challenge evidence until we can get as close to fact as possible.(91 votes)
In my opinion, they should have continued hunting and developing their agricultural techniques. The harsh conditions in North American were not very favorable with the pueblo communities according to the end of the text.(11 votes)
Agreed, if they did a hybrid of hunting/gathering and farming, they'd increase survival chances. However, they might have left because hunting/gathering doesn't supply enough food for everyone, and if you were in that situation, you'd probably decide to move somewhere where everyone can survive rather than stay here and let part of your tribe die out.(8 votes)
- what if it rained on a Hogan would the mud sink inn.(4 votes)
Most likely not, given that the mud had already been mostly baked dry by the sun. I don't know if you've ever seen or made mud bricks, but those do get rather hard after drying out in the sun. If it were to rain, the structure itself would mostly stay intact. However, should it start raining, some of the mud could possibly regain a more liquid state and perhaps be lost, but it could relatively easily be repaired after it stopped raining.(22 votes)
For the last question in this article, I am 50/50 on whether Ancestral Pueblos should have continued hunting and gathering. I think they should have because it is healthy, original, and it could have been a great skill to be passed down to generations. I also think they should not have continued their hunting and gathering because it would lower the hunting to people ratio by a lot.
(Sorry if this is slightly long)(10 votes)
I understand what you mean, and I agree. For the last "What do you think?" question, I think the Ancestral Pueblos should've combined the practices of hunting and gathering with agriculture, similar to what some of the northeastern Native Americans did. Agriculture is good to have for a somewhat permanent resource, but hunting and gathering could provide nourishment and a backup system if problems like natural disasters harmed the agricultural part.(10 votes)
- 1. Corn came to be regarded as a 'spiritual gift'. Also, in the face of natural disaster the NA's would pray to the gods for relief, such as rainfall to help crops grow. These practices led to larger religious gatherings, which brought together more quantities of people than, say the size of a average NA family.
2. The AP's 'urbanized' the southwest region as a result of agriculture. They became more sedentary and built elaborate houses with multiple rooms and altogether, thousands of people lived in these complexes. I do not see any material on NE-NA's but the Navajo and Apaches are of the NW and they continued acquiring food the traditional way - hunting and gathering. Due to this, they made temporary homes called hogans - made out of mud and bark.
3. I do not think they should've continued hunting and gathering - agriculture is efficient and has to be a less harsh way of life. I think it was fine to harvest as long as they could then adapt to change when they had to.(14 votes) - Above, the reading states: The Spanish encountered a hodgepodge of remaining descendants of the Ancestral Pueblos in the mid- 1550s who then became commonly remembered as the Pueblos.
How do we know what the Spanish actually encountered? What is this conclusion based off of? Also, do we have any idea what these tribes/people called themselves?(6 votes)
The logbooks of sponsored expeditions kept by Spanish explorers are in the archives. The letters written home and the memoirs of some of those explorers and colonists are also available for historians to read. I assume that the historians who put together the reading consulted some of these. You could always check out their footnotes.(6 votes)
- why is this so long(2 votes)
- The people who lived there for centuries before European invaders came are worth learning about. They are still in the region, but have been forced into poverty. You can certainly spend the time it takes to complete this lesson out of respect for them.(12 votes)
Be respectful to people history, it does not need to be forgotten or overlooked(5 votes)- To be honest any part of history should not be forgotten or overlooked. Yes people history is very important but so is many other kinds of history (:(3 votes)
- Is corn , squash , beans the three sisther .(0 votes)
From the author:Yes! Corn, beans, and squash planted together formed the Three Sisters.(16 votes)
