Integral of product of sines

- [Voiceover] So we've already established that these three definitive roles are going to be equal to zero over slightly different conditions. Let's keep on going, and remember the goal here is to make it simple for us to find our Fourier coefficients in a few videos from now. So now let's think about the definitive role from zero to two pie if we're taking the product of sine of mt times sine of nt dt, and we're gonna think about it in two different scenarios. We're gonna think about when m does not equal n or m does not equal negative n, and really we care more about this scenario because in the Fourier series we're gonna be dealing with positive integers, or non negative integers I guess we could say, but this is going to be true for both of them and we're gonna see when this is true this integral is going to be zero when that's true, and it's gonna be equal to pie when m is equal to n, or another way we could write this. Actually let me write it this way. This integral is equal to zero when m does not equal n or m does not equal negative n and we're gonna assume integers. When integers m does not equal n or m does not equal negative n, and then if n is equal to m or visa versa. We could say that the integral from zero to two pie. Let me do this in a different color. Just 'cause I think it will look nice. So the integral from zero to two pie. If m is equal to n we could write that as sine of mt times sine of mt which is gonna be sine squared of mt dt. We're going to establish that this is going to be equal to pie. Now how are we going to do that? Well we can rewrite this original thing right over here. We can rewrite this original thing using a product to sum formula. So let's actually do that. So rewriting this integral. It's the integral from zero to two pie and I can rewrite, and this is just a trig identity that I'm going to be using. This is the same thing as one half times times cosine of mt minus nt. So we could write that at m minus n t and then minus cosine of mt plus nt, or we could write that as m plus n t, and actually let me put parentheses around these whole things so it's more clear what's going on. This right over here is just the product to sum formula. When you're taking the product of the sine of two different things here, and of course this is going to be dt. Now if we use some of our integration properties we can rewrite all of this as being the integral from zero to two pie. In fact we could put that one half out front twice. I'm gonna write this is, I guess you could say the difference of two integrals. Two definite integrals. So we could have this one half. Let me write it in that same color. That one half right over there times the definite integral from zero two pie of cosine of m minus n t dt minus, and once again I'm just distributing this one half, so minus, and taking it out of the integrals. So minus one half times the definite integral from zero to two pie, and I'm gonna have the dt out here, so let me just write the dt out there in magenta, of cosine of m plus n, t, dt, and this is a slightly different shade of blue so let me color that in as well. So once again we get from that to that just using our integration properties. You can distribute the one half and say okay the integral of the difference is the same thing as the difference of the integrals. You could take the one half out of the integration sine and we get to this right over here. Now what do we know about this in the case where m and n are integers that either don't equal each other or don't equal the negatives of each other? Well they don't equal each other or don't equal to the negatives of each other. Then this right over here is going to be a non-zero integer. Non-zero integer and this also is going to be a non-zero integer, and so we already know that if we're taking the definite integral of cosine of mt dt from zero to two pie. Where m is some non-zero integer. Where the coefficient on t is a non-zero integer then that integral's gonna evaluate it to zero, but that's what we're doing over here, and it doesn't look exactly the same but this is a non-zero integer coefficient. This is a non-zero integer coefficient. So this whole integral's gonna be zero, this whole integral's gonna be zero, and even if you multiply it by one half you still get a bunch of zeros. So hopefully that makes you feel good about that statement right over here. When m does not equal n or m does not equal negative n, this whole thing is just going to evaluate it to zero. That's gonna be zero and that is going to be zero. Now let's think about the situation where m does equal n, and actually let me just delete this a little bit so that we have some space to work with. So if we assume. Actually let me keep that part there. So let me keep all of that there. Alright, now if m is, and actually I even colored. So if we assume in the case of sine squared of mt. If we assume if m is equal to n then what happens here? Remember, the thing I wrote in green is just the top one where m is equal to n. If m is equal to n. Well what happens is this second integral right over here. This is still going to be a non-zero integer coefficient. So that one is going to still be zero based on what we just argued, but this right over here, m minus n, that is going to be zero. You're going to have a zero coefficient there. So it's going to be cosine of zero t. Well cosine of zero t, that's cosine of zero regardless of what t you have, and cosine of zero is going to be equal to one, and so everything in the case where m is equal to n. This whole thing simplifies to the one half times the integral from zero to two pie, and I could write of one dt if we like, one dt. Remember this is the case where m is equal to n, and so what is that going to be equal to? Well that's going to be equal to one half times. Well the anti derivative of one is just t. So it's just going to be t evaluated at two pie and zero, and so that is going to be equal to one half. I'm doing the same color so we can keep track of things. So that is going to be equal to one half times two pie minus zero. Two pie minus zero. Well two pie minus zero is just two pie. So I could just write that's one half times two pie. Which of course is just going to be equal to pie. So we just said, look when m is equal to n. Well if m is equal to n the magenta expression is the same thing as what I wrote in green, and so when m is equal to n at this integral. That integral, when m is equal to n is going to be, and that's the same thing as sine squared of mt, that is going to be equal to pie.