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Course: AP®︎/College Art History > Unit 12
Lesson 2: 21st century- Doris Salcedo, Shibboleth
- Zaha Hadid, MAXXI National Museum of XXI Century Arts, Rome
- Ai Weiwei: Sunflower Seeds
- Ai Weiwei, Kui Hua Zi (Sunflower Seeds)
- Wangechi Mutu, Preying Mantra
- Julie Mehretu, Stadia II
- El Anatsui, Old Man’s Cloth
- El Anatsui, Untitled
- Yinka Shonibare, The Swing (After Fragonard)
- Kara Walker, Darkytown Rebellion
- Kiki Smith, Lying with the Wolf
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El Anatsui, Old Man’s Cloth
By Dr. Allison Young
Old Man’s Cloth hangs like a large tapestry, but when we look closer, it's easy to become captivated by the small metal fragments that comprise the work in hundreds. Arranged within a shifting grid of stripes and blocks of color, the components form their own internal maps across the surface, melding into vertical gold bands, interlocking black, and silver rows, or a deviant red piece floating in a field of black. While Old Man’s Cloth would have been laid flat during its construction, it is contorted and manipulated during installation, so that the individual metal pieces can catch the light from every angle. This brilliant visual effect makes its humble origins all the more impressive.
The medium or the message?
Old Man’s Cloth has been constructed from flattened liquor bottle labels that the artist collects near his home in . While critics often write about El Anatsui’s metal wall hangings using the language of textiles, the labels and bottle caps are typically fastened together with copper wire and attached corner-to-corner. As such, the issue of medium is one of the first to inspire debate amongst viewers—are the wall hangings two-dimensional or three-dimensional? Are they sculptures, even as they hang against the wall like paintings? Are they individual works or immersive installations? Lastly, are they “fine art” or simply an innovative form of “craft”?
Purposefully disregarding the limited categories imposed by Western art history, Anatsui’s practice emerges from a more expanded understanding of what art can be that stems from both the radical practices of the late 1960s and from a vantage point outside of the Western tradition completely. As scholar Susan Vogel has explained, “such categories did not exist in classic African traditions, which made no distinction between art and craft, high art and low." [1]
Anatsui’s choice of discarded liquor bottle caps as a medium has as much to do with their formal properties as with their historical associations. As an African artist whose career was forged during the utopia of mid-century , his work has always engaged his region’s history and culture. The bottle caps, for Anatsui, signify a fraught history of trade between Africa and Europe. As he explained,
"Alcohol was one of the commodities brought with [Europeans] to exchange for goods in Africa. Eventually alcohol become one of the items used in the transatlantic slave trade. They made rum in the West Indies, took it to Liverpool, and then it made its way back to Africa. I thought that the bottle caps had a strong reference to the history of Africa."
The luminescent gold colors also recall the colonial past of Anatsui’s home country—modern Ghana was previously a British colony called The Gold Coast until its independence in 1957. The fluid movements of the work’s surface remind us of the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, which carried slave ships and traders between Africa, Europe, and the Americas. By bestowing his works with titles such as Man’s Cloth and Woman’s Cloth, Anatsui also makes reference to the significance of textiles in African societies and their own historical role in trade networks.
Old Man’s Cloth was included in one of Anatsui’s first exhibitions of hanging metal sculptures. Held at London’s October Gallery in 2004, the show was entitled “Gawu,” which means “metal cloak” in . Old Man’s Cloth is unique for its uneven and jagged edges as well as the “rough texture” of the recycled labels that are incorporated into the piece.
Modernism in Africa
El Anatsui was born in Ghana in 1944 and was trained in an academic European curriculum. In 1964, when he began his studies, many parts of Africa were experiencing a cultural renaissance associated with decolonization movements. Anatsui himself joined the unofficial Sankofa movement, which was invested in unearthing and reclaiming Africa’s rich indigenous traditions and assimilating these with the European-influenced aspects of society. His earliest works, for example, included a series of wooden market trays into which he burned designs inspired by African graphic systems and adinkra motifs (symbols widely used by the Akan people of Ghana).
In 1975, Anatsui joined the faculty at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nsukka was a vibrant creative capital for African artists and writers in the 1970s, many of whom spearheaded the in the early 1960s and revived the traditional art form of Uli wall and body painting in their contemporary works.
Anatsui’s work differed slightly from that of his colleagues in his insistence on abstraction. In some of his first mature works, he used an electric chainsaw to slash geometric patterns into wood. Though abstract, these works were metaphorically rich; Anatsui chose woods of different colors to represent the diversity of African cultures, while the violence of the chainsaw enacted the ruptures imposed by European imperialist expansion.
Critical reception: African or contemporary?
When two of Anatsui’s metal wall hangings appeared in the 2007 Venice Biennale, they were lauded by the public and swiftly cemented his place as a leading international contemporary artist. He had, in fact, already shown in Venice almost two decades earlier in 1990, when he participated in a small exhibition surveying contemporary African art. During the time that lapsed between the two exhibitions, the art world became more receptive to artists outside of its Western centers, and by 2007, Anatsui could exhibit not only as a representative of the continent but as an individual artist whose work was significant in its own right. Anatsui received the Golden Lion Lifetime Achievement award from the 56th International Art Exhibition of the Biennale di Venezia, All the World’s Futures, in 2015.
As such, his work provides an excellent opportunity for discussion about the relationships between artists at the center and at the periphery, and between the West and the Global South. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, for instance, has now acquired two of Anatsui’s metal wall hangings, but they are owned by two different curatorial departments: the Arts of Africa, Oceania and the Americas, and Modern and Contemporary Art. Both were on view at the same time, but in separate galleries. Visitors, students, and art historians should continue to ask themselves which designation seems more appropriate, and for what reasons. Should we understand his art as a product of its place, its time, or both? What do we see in Anatsui’s work when it is placed among African masks and ritual objects, and how do our impressions change when this work is placed beside contemporary art from around the world?
There are no correct answers to these questions, but they are indicative of the changes that have taken place both in the art world and in today’s increasingly connected society at large.
Notes:
[1] For instance, see Susan Vogel, "Always True to the Object, in Our Fashion," in Grasping Our World (London: Routledge, 2004).
Additional resources
Learn about other El Anatsui works, Untitled and Lines that Link Humanity.
Contemporary African Artists: Changing Tradition. New York: Studio Museum in Harlem, 1990.
El Anatsui – Zebra Crossing, ed. Elizabeth Harney. New York: Jack Shainman Gallery, 2009.
El Anatsui: Triumphant Scale, ed. Okwui Enwezor and Chika Okeke-Agulu. Munich: Haus der Kunst, 2020.
Elizabeth Harney. “A Nomad’s Revolutionary Beauty.” Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art, Vol. 28 (2011): pp. 114–129.
Laura Leffler James. “Convergence: History, Materials, and the Human Hand—an Interview with El Anatsui.” Art Journal, Vol. 67, Issue 2 (2008): pp. 36–53.
Chika Okeke. “Slashing Wood, Eroding Culture: Conversation with El Anatsui.” Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art. Vol. 1 (1994): pp. 34–40.
John Picton et al. El Anatsui: A Sculpted History of Africa. London, UK: Saffron Books in conjunction with October Gallery, 1998.
For the classroom
Discussion Questions
- In what ways does Old Man’s Cloth connect to histories of textile art in West Africa?
- Do you believe that Old Man’s Cloth is a two-dimensional or three-dimensional sculpture?
- How does Old Man’s Cloth relate to, or differ from, other examples of found-object or readymade art in the history of modern and contemporary art?
- If you were a museum curator at an encyclopedic museum like the Metropolitan Museum of Art, would you display El Anatsui's work in the African Art galleries or the Modern and Contemporary Art wing? What do you think changes when the artist's work is shown in either space?
Essay by Dr. Allison Young
Want to join the conversation?
The texture and complexity which was formed by the pure talent of the artist makes this piece unique. My question to the reader: How do the choices of flat, metallic tabs and the golden color influence your experience of this piece of artwork?(5 votes)
I am convinced that seeing this on a little 11 inch screen is entirely different from being in a gallery where it is hung. I'm sure I'd be moved in the presence of the work, but viewing it on the screen is disappointing.(5 votes)
Where does he collect the labels from? Is this litter dropped by the local drinkers? If so, is he saying something about the use of alcohol now as well as about its historic role in the slave trade and colonialism? When I see this work it makes me think of the broken bottles, cans and discarded lids that the local drunks leave in places that I pass through (and probably most of the rest of us experience this too) and the effect both the drinking and the litter has on them and the community. I wonder if that is intentional? If so, that seems a rather sombre thing but also something universal to many people's experience. Maybe we look for the African in African art and sometimes miss or undervalue what is universal in it?(5 votes)
The article itself states: "The bottle caps, for Anatsui, signify a fraught history of trade between Africa and Europe. As he explained,
Alcohol was one of the commodities brought with [Europeans] to exchange for goods in Africa. Eventually alcohol become one of the items used in the transatlantic slave trade. They made rum in the West Indies, took it to Liverpool, and then it made its way back to Africa. I thought that the bottle caps had a strong reference to the history of Africa." So yes, he is referencing alcohol's historic role.(0 votes)
"In 1975, Anatsui joined the faculty at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nsukka was a vibrant creative capital for African artists and writers in the 1970s, many of whom spearheaded the Zaria Rebellion in the early 1960s and revived the traditional art form of uli wall and body painting in their contemporary works."
This sounds a lot like an African version of the Italian Renaissance! Was and is it thought of in similar regard in Africa?(2 votes)
David,
Do you know where the Old Man's Cloth is right now? Living in Grand Rapids I have the opportunity to go to the Meijer Gardens around 2-3 times each year and if my memory serves me right I remember seeing this there.
Thanks,
Bob C. Cornell(2 votes)- The Old Man's Cloth is located at the Harn Museum of Art in Gainesville, Florida.(1 vote)