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Course: Health and medicine > Unit 7
Lesson 3: Diabetes- What is diabetes mellitus?
- What is diabetes mellitus?
- Breaking down diabetes
- Types of diabetes
- Pathophysiology - Type I diabetes
- Pathophysiology - Type II diabetes
- Diagnosing diabetes
- Treating type I diabetes
- Treating type II diabetes - Pharmacology
- Treating type II diabetes - A practical approach
- Acute complications of diabetes - Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Acute complications of diabetes - Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic state
- Diabetic nephropathy - Mechanisms
- Diabetic nephropathy - Clinical presentation & treatment
- Diabetic retinopathy
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What is diabetes mellitus?
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Want to join the conversation?
- How hypertension cause diabetes mellitus ?(10 votes)
- what is diabetes insipidus? ive heard someone saying that before but im not sure what it means.(2 votes)
- At8:00, does that mean Bruce is Insulin resistant and Joe isn't?(4 votes)
- Yes, that is right. Joe's pancreas does not produce insulin, therefore his condition can be treated with insulin to reduce blood sugar. In Bruce's case, he has insulin in his body but the cells do not respond to it, meaning he is insulin resistant.(3 votes)
- What types of fruit have less fructose?(2 votes)
- How do you cure diabetes mellitus?(3 votes)
- At this stage there isn't a cure for diabetes mellitus (DM). In type 1 DM the cells that produce insulin are permanently destroyed, so those with this type of diabetes have to give themselves insulin by injection or a pump - they do so whenever they eat based on their blood glucose readings (I imagine the "Treating type I diabetes" video will explain this much more in depth. There's some new research looking into using stem cells to regrow the destroyed pancreatic cells, however that's still barely successful in labs at the moment, and even if they manage to get it to work it's at least a decade before they'll be able to start using it in humans.
As for type 2 DM, there's debate as to whether very early signs may be reversible by changing diet and exercising. At the moment most cases are managed through diet and medication rather than being completely "cured".
The only type of DM that really seems to go away permanently is gestational diabetes, which can self-resolve (which might count as "cured") after childbirth. This doesn't always go away though, it can turn into a long-lasting type 2 DM state.
tl,dr: Diabetes mellitus doesn't really have a cure, it's more managed for life.(3 votes)
- How was Diabetes first discovered and when?(2 votes)
- diabetes was first discovered 1000s of years ago but the first correct treatments were found in the 20th century.(2 votes)
- How can losing weight and gaining weight both be symptoms of diabetes mellitus when their quite different?(2 votes)
- In Type 1 Diabetes, the blood sugar levels in the body get very high. The kidneys then try to flush out all the unusable glucose in your urine. This results in weight loss and dehydration. If Type 1 Diabetes is treated though, your body may go back to a healthy weight.
For Type 2 Diabetes, people have insulin resistance, where bodies can make insulin, but can't use it properly to move glucose into the body's cells. Being overweight, just increases the risk of getting insulin resistance. This is why most people with Type 2 Diabetes are usually overweight.(2 votes)
- I've heard that hypoglycemia is more dangerous than hyperglycemia. Is this true?(2 votes)
- Yes, because we need some glucose in our blood for our brain to function. We become unconscious without glucose and die. If there is too much, we can live weeks without knowing it is high or seeing much in terms of symptoms.(2 votes)
- what is the signs for type two diabetes(2 votes)
- Two signs (clinical manifestations) for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 are:
1. Chronic high blood pressure (hypertension). When glucose molecules are unable to enter cells (due to an increase in insulin resistance of the insulin cell receptors), the concentration of glucose molecules increases within the blood (hyperglycemia). This increase of glucose molecules within the blood will cause an increase in blood osmolarity. Increase in blood osmolarity will increase the total peripheral resistance of the blood, which will then increase blood pressure.
2. Polydipsia, or increase in water intake/drinking. As mentioned above, an increase in the concentration of glucose molecules within the blood will increase the blood osmolarity. An increase in blood osmolarity will cause water to be drawn out (due to osmosis) from the osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus and will go into the blood. As water is drawn out of the osmoreceptors, the osmoreceptors will shrink in size and they will be stimulated. When the osmoreceptors get stimulated, they will send action potentials to the thirst center of the hypothalamus, which will also get stimulated and give the sensation of thirst and to drink water.
*Remember these clinical manifestations are all caused by hyperglycemia.(1 vote)
- If you have diabetes, will your child inherit the disease?(1 vote)
- Maybe. There is no simple or definitive answer here. Both type 1 and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus are abnormalities that have multiple genetic and environmental influences. If you look at the 2 types, then you are looking at 2 different reasons for developing 2 different types of diabetes mellitus. We inherit our immune system from our parents and the immune system is what becomes abnormal in Type 1 DM, destroying the insulin producing cells of the pancreas with antibodies. Type 2 DM is less well understood, it is likely both environmental and genetic causes and the cells become 'resistant' to the insulin. The "environmental influenes include diet,and many families eat around the same table, therefore they share the same dietary environment with high fat and sugar content diets. Because these are multifactorial illnesses, there is no perfect or simple calculation to use when determining the inheritance of the disease. There is a higher likelihood but it is not guaranteed that children of a diabetic parent will all be diabetic. It should be said that non-diabetic parents can have diabetic children and the reverse is also true that a diabetic parent can have non-diabetic children. The best answer is 'Maybe'.(2 votes)
Video transcript
So, diabetes is a very common disease. It affects nearly 10
percent of the population and more than 25 percent,
or one in four people over the age of 65 have diabetes. But what exactly is diabetes mellitus? Let me start by going through
a couple of scenarios. Now the first scenario I wanna talk about is that of Joe here. So let me bring in Joe. Now Joe is a 15 year old boy. Over the past few months Joe just really hasn't been feeling well. He says, you know it's hard to kind of put his finger on it, but he's in general been a little bit more tired and fatigued than usual. In fact, it's caused him to
lose a little bit of weight and he's already kind of a
skinny guy to begin with, so that's definitely something
that's abnormal for him. And you know his mother's
with him and his mother says you know "Joe's been, it's kinda been odd, "Joe's been carrying
around this water bottle "with him everywhere
for the past few months. "He seems to just be drinking "liters upon liters of water a day." And when asked about it
Joe acknowledges this, he says "Yeah, I have been a little bit "more thirsty than usual."
and because of this, he says, "You know, I've been going to bathroom, "I've been needing to
urinate all the time." Now, let's contrast Joe to Bruce here. Now, Bruce is very different than Joe. Bruce is a 45 year old gentleman. And he's come in to the doctor for his annual physical and
when he goes to the doctor he says, "You know doc, I've
been feeling pretty good. "I mean, yeah, maybe I've packed on "a few extra pounds around the waist, "but in general I'm
feeling pretty healthy." Now, say both Joe over here and Bruce are seeing the same
family practice doctor. You know for Joe, he
says "Yeah, I am worried "about this thirst and
urination and the losing weight. "I think we should probably
check Joe's blood sugar." And then similarly with Bruce, even though he doesn't have any symptoms,
the doctor recommends that Bruce has some routine screening done that would include
checking his blood sugar. And it turns out that both Joe and Bruce have very high blood sugar. They have something called hyperglycemia, which stands for high blood sugar. And they're both diagnosed with diabetes. But how can such different
situations with Joe and Bruce be caused by the same disease? Now, to answer this question, we first, really need to understand
what exactly, diabetes is. Now the first thing I wanna mention is that I've been referring
to diabetes mellitus and there are a couple
different conditions that have the word diabetes in them. But generally when
people refer to diabetes, they're referring to the
disease diabetes mellitus, which is what we're
gonna be talking about. So diabetes mellitus is a
group of disorders that are characterized by an inability of the body to regulate its blood sugar levels. And you'll notice that I put
glucose here in parenthesis after sugar, because glucose
is the main type of sugar that the body uses. And this disregulation
results in high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia. So, to get a better idea of
this, let me just bring in a simple diagram here. So this right here in pink, imagine this is a blood vessel
and in this blood vessel there is blood going through. And that blood has glucose. Now, glucose is a sugar
and it's the body's preferred source of energy. And we get glucose from
the foods that we eat, and then the glucose that we eat is stored throughout the body, but primarily in the liver here. And to regulate the amount
of sugar that is in our blood we have two hormones. The first hormone I'll have
over here in orange is insulin. And then the second hormone
I'll have over here in blue is glucagon. And then down here in green is a cartoon of some cells in the body that are gonna need
this glucose for energy. When the glucose level in the
blood is getting too high, the pancreas releases this insulin. And what the insulin does is it stops the release of glucose from the liver into the
blood and then it also has this glucose be taken up by the cells. And so this decrease in
the amount of glucose being put into the blood from the liver and then the increase amount of glucose leaving the blood going into these cells causes that blood sugar level to go down. So insulin decreases blood sugar. But if insulin were to
just act on it's own, the blood sugar would
be always way too low, so when that blood sugar starts
getting to a lower level, the pancreas then will release glucagon. And what glucagon does
is it causes the liver to release that glucose into the blood, all that glucose that's stored there. And then it also causes the pancreas to stop producing the
insulin so that less glucose is being taken out of the
blood and put into cells. And therefore then, the effect of this by having the liver put
glucose into the blood and then preventing the
glucose from leaving the blood, glucagon results in an
increased blood glucose level. So now, in diabetes, this insulin here is either not being produced or it's not functioning properly. So let's just cross it out. It's not doing its job. And what happens is that
the effect of glucagon here is amplified. So you get this increase
in blood glucose levels. And then as I mentioned, insulin causes glucose to exit the blood
and go into the cells so that the cells can use
the glucose for energy. But if it's not around,
this doesn't happen. So despite the blood sugar, the blood glucose level is
getting higher and higher, that glucose isn't able
to get into the cells. And the body isn't able
to use all of that energy. So in a sense, despite the presence of plenty of blood sugar and energy, the cells are actually kind of starving. And that's actually what can go on. You can have this really
high blood sugar level, but the body in some senses
thinks it's starving. And this idea of kind of starvation in the face of plenty of energy
is a little bit confusing. So let me just make an analogy here to hopefully have it make more sense. So it's very similar here. Now imagine instead of
this pink blood vessel, imagine this is a water main. Now, the purpose of that water main is to bring water to these houses. Now, imagine that one of these pipes that went from the water main
to the house gets clogged. Now, despite plenty of water being travelling down the street and being right by the house, the house actually isn't
able to get any water. And this is kind of
like that same idea of, despite all of the glucose
being in the blood, when you don't have insulin, you can't get the glucose into the cells. Just like if you have a clogged
pipe that prevents water from coming from the
water main into a house. So now let's go back to Joe and Bruce and understand how you
can have the same disease that causes such different presentations in different people. Remember I said that diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases. They're not all the same disease. So, depending on the underlining
mechanism that's going on, the disease can present in very ways. So Joe over here on the left, he is a very typical
presentation of type 1 diabetes. And I'm gonna just abbreviate diabetes, DM, for diabetes mellitus. And in type 1 diabetes, Joe's body isn't producing any insulin. And that results in that high blood sugar. But over here with Bruce, he has a different underlying mechanism. His presentation is very characteristic for something called type 2 diabetes. And in type 2 diabetes,
the body produces insulin, but the receptors on the cells are not as sensitive to insulin, so insulin just doesn't function
like it's normally able to. And so it has a very
different presentation. Even though for both of them, insulin is not working properly and it results in hyperglycemia, which is the characteristic
finding in diabetes, depending on the underlying mechanism, whether or not you are
not producing insulin or whether the insulin just
isn't working properly, you still have hyperglycemia but the presentations
can be very different.