https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/bond-line-structures/v/bond-line-structures-new 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Bond-line structures How to draw bond-line structures video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/Q6QAvrgveuJjxmmppbgm5xi4YTMNBtXcDAZwTYWoyMySsQkhnK2H4NgXs_XbY3-raWm1Ld7C4k6b7IdgknrttcYY Bond-line structures How to draw bond-line structures https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8AwKNC1texM.mp4/8AwKNC1texM.mp4 777 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/bond-line-structures/v/three-dimensional-bond-line-structures-new 2021-03-22T03:07:32Z Three-dimensional bond-line structures How to represent three-dimensional molecules using bond-line structures video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/m1C0lOlVG-YUKaETFuzL0oE02TZKzQuedj5z-6GV-W7liKIt9DFvR6Zf-LdfTHSoFLL-YWXG2oBcIFluoQv8U0o Three-dimensional bond-line structures How to represent three-dimensional molecules using bond-line structures https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZAgQH2azx3w.mp4/ZAgQH2azx3w.mp4 658 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ka-chemistry-grade-11/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles-and-techniques/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-structural-representations-of-organic-compounds/e/structural-representation 2026-04-07T22:23:57.656416987Z Structural Representation and Classification of Organic Compounds Let's solve some questions on Structural representation of organic compounds. Aman Saurav exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-10-physical-sciencein/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:carbon-and-its-compounds/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:functional-groups/v/functional-groups-carbon-and-its-compounds-chemistry-khan-academy 2020-09-04T10:56:26Z Functional groups Functional groups are group of atoms or bonds that define the function of the hydrocarbon that they get attached to. Examples: Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic acid, Halogens, Double & Triple covalent bonds. Khan Academy is a nonprofit organization with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. We offer quizzes, questions, instructional videos, and articles on a range of academic subjects, including math, biology, chemistry, physics, history, economics, finance, grammar, preschool learning, and more. We provide teachers with tools and data so they can help their students develop the skills, habits, and mindsets for success in school and beyond. Khan Academy has been translated into dozens of languages, and 15 million people around the globe learn on Khan Academy every month. As a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, we would love your help! Donate here: https://www.khanacademy.org/donate?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=desc Created by Ram Prakash Ram Prakash video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ZCdwTudJg6e6n-P2gsaUborP4izvMsGo71pvEVlX9dNYWcLXcP7VHkWpn2grt4TUP1KoJLQP9NswyHBuBLSFTBw Functional groups Functional groups are group of atoms or bonds that define the function of the hydrocarbon that they get attached to. Examples: Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic acid, Halogens, Double & Triple covalent bonds. Khan Academy is a nonprofit organization with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. We offer quizzes, questions, instructional videos, and articles on a range of academic subjects, including math, biology, chemistry, physics, history, economics, finance, grammar, preschool learning, and more. We provide teachers with tools and data so they can help their students develop the skills, habits, and mindsets for success in school and beyond. Khan Academy has been translated into dozens of languages, and 15 million people around the globe learn on Khan Academy every month. As a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, we would love your help! Donate here: https://www.khanacademy.org/donate?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=desc Created by Ram Prakash https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jXYKP5NvKjM.mp4/jXYKP5NvKjM.mp4 622 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-10-physical-sciencein/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:carbon-and-its-compounds/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:functional-groups/e/identify-functional-groups- 2026-04-07T22:59:30.107127435Z Identify the functional groups Let's practice identifying the functional groups in a given carbon compound. Chaitra exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/bridge-course-class-11th-chemistry/x426c9d2c554669cb:basics-of-organic-chemistry/x426c9d2c554669cb:basics-of-hydrocarbons/v/homologous-series 2023-07-28T12:36:06.632326991Z Homologous series Let's explore what homologous series are. Let's also write down the general formula for the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes homologous series. We will then solve some simple examples around those for practice Mahesh Shenoy video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ZCdwTudJg6e6n-P2gsaUborP4izvMsGo71pvEVlX9dNYWcLXcP7VHkWpn2grt4TUP1KoJLQP9NswyHBuBLSFTBw Homologous series Let's explore what homologous series are. Let's also write down the general formula for the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes homologous series. We will then solve some simple examples around those for practice https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-mgfmvhp6WE.mp4/-mgfmvhp6WE.mp4 430 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-10-physical-sciencein/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:carbon-and-its-compounds/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:homologous-series/e/homologous-series 2026-03-31T01:02:11.609621879Z Homologous series: General formula Let's identify the members of the carbon family present in the homologous series using the general formula. Chaitra exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/organic-chemistry-naming-examples-2 2021-01-04T18:35:17Z Organic chemistry naming examples 2 Organic chemistry naming examples involving branching and rings.  Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ghUot6U8gJRyl13wusUIpvrvl_1ntm9Pjelxw8aTBz8CxcT8VXQGkUzMARbV8Lr_XWQJGcM2artGSiRUK4fANCrh Organic chemistry naming examples 2 Organic chemistry naming examples involving branching and rings.  https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CJRQ8gOjq4E.mp4/CJRQ8gOjq4E.mp4 626 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/organic-chemistry-naming-examples-3 2021-01-04T18:35:17Z Organic chemistry naming examples 3 Organic chemistry naming examples 3, containing branching and cycles.  Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/Uw8wEzJOJVGKji5k_oMwqiGRTxOK0xX6ZhRzJBSkFf7zdlhCCU25ZM3ES_WzyxXAwbFsAmywwmyzbTvLDQNi4Bp0Ow Organic chemistry naming examples 3 Organic chemistry naming examples 3, containing branching and cycles.  https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Se-ekDNhCDk.mp4/Se-ekDNhCDk.mp4 491 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/organic-chemistry-naming-examples-5 2021-01-04T18:35:18Z Organic chemistry naming examples 4 Organic chemistry naming examples 4 Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/VRsaRtSfIWODPCPWwmwbPAOkzw50cOaX_F1pmTRyL-_IhOyVILBNpG6ZHSOg4jeYOfJv1tSVhKVmKKPCJ5wiH4Fj Organic chemistry naming examples 4 Organic chemistry naming examples 4 https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6BR0Q5e74bs.mp4/6BR0Q5e74bs.mp4 604 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-10-physical-sciencein/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:carbon-and-its-compounds/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:nomenclature-of-carbon-compounds/e/name-the-unsaturated-compounds 2021-04-29T08:03:31Z Name the unsaturated compounds Let's practice on naming and identifying the structure of unsaturated compounds. Chaitra exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-10-physical-sciencein/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:carbon-and-its-compounds/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:nomenclature-of-carbon-compounds/e/name-the-organic-compounds 2026-03-07T12:10:45.647797419Z Name the carbon compounds Let's practice to name the carbon compounds by following the rules of nomenclature. Chaitra exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-10-physical-sciencein/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:carbon-and-its-compounds/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:nomenclature-of-carbon-compounds/e/nomenclature-of-organic-compounds 2026-04-07T22:59:30.107127435Z Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Let's solve a few questions on Nomenclature of organic compounds. Aman Saurav exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/bond-line-structures/v/structural-constitutional-isomers-new 2021-03-22T03:07:32Z Structural (constitutional) isomers How to draw structural isomers using bond-line structures video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/F1lH5GPjgXWsTfdzsJttMf6AOTDiWo09DEEi1XVGG8mIgN3FCgZqnCXq8LurdlGY9n0KdJTUC_lzYLHkKgxjKU-2 Structural (constitutional) isomers How to draw structural isomers using bond-line structures https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RBbJKOOZ6FY.mp4/RBbJKOOZ6FY.mp4 592 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-10-physical-sciencein/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:carbon-and-its-compounds/x1ac9c643dc8dffee:isomerism/v/isomers 2021-03-18T10:33:23Z Isomers Structural isomers, stereoisomers, geometric isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers. video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/MFauZmYcTCBcyQK-gJkdVqrMqwXbCLx4TlQ6T8kBRHfS9DkNE0rvzDRf3ulaLpcRL5womxE4Ee4BVktGNYp7g_Rzig Isomers Structural isomers, stereoisomers, geometric isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/z8M4EciPpYI.mp4/z8M4EciPpYI.mp4 409 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/grade-12-chemistry-snc-aligned/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:basics-of-organic-chemistry/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:structural-basis-of-stereoisomerism-in-organic-molecules/e/types-of-isomerism 2026-04-08T00:16:02.937952483Z Types of isomerism We have talked about the different types of isomerism. So, let's solve a couple of questions to test our understanding on isomerism. Revathi exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/curly-arrow-conventions 2021-03-22T03:07:30Z Curly arrow conventions in organic chemistry Conventions for drawing curved arrows that represent the movements of electrons. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/tU36VKf5MV1UrvFCCZ2C1jwHGbOzEmp1AKMneJuGQ63JkrqEsoXLQ18KdEXWL126gHHTTAXXbWmZH87Lt7hXv830 Curly arrow conventions in organic chemistry Conventions for drawing curved arrows that represent the movements of electrons. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-z2yk8yxv08.mp4/-z2yk8yxv08.mp4 419 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/nucleophile-electrophile-and-the-schwartz-rules 2021-03-22T03:07:32Z Identifying nucleophilic and electrophilic centers The definition of nucleophiles and electrophiles. Identifying nucleophilic and electrophilic centers in a molecule.  Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/-oTplaqJC2Df-mYJevZ0bJ3V03pr0LUwOmILHFF7a76NlTLx09KyOe1eyXsqhr93VOdeyEsH30Q3cPv1FUHNU4_C Identifying nucleophilic and electrophilic centers The definition of nucleophiles and electrophiles. Identifying nucleophilic and electrophilic centers in a molecule.  https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Z4F88tTx9-8.mp4/Z4F88tTx9-8.mp4 409 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ka-chemistry-grade-11/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles-and-techniques/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-fundamental-concepts-in-organic-reaction-mechanism/e/identifying-electrophiles-and-nucleophiles-basic 2025-07-29T12:32:42.367040033Z Identifying electrophiles and nucleophiles (basic) We will learn about electrophiles and nucleophiles. Nidhi Narwal exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ka-chemistry-grade-11/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles-and-techniques/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-fundamental-concepts-in-organic-reaction-mechanism/e/homolytic-and-heterolytic-cleavage 2026-04-08T01:15:04.085520103Z Homolytic and heterolytic cleavage Let's solve a few questions on the homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond. Revathi exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:electronic-effects/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:inductive-effects/v/the-inductive-effect 2023-04-06T05:56:59.02105052Z The Inductive Effect In this video, we look at the first of our electronic effects - the inductive effect - that can lead to the polarisation of a molecule due to electron pull/push through sigma bonds ! Aanchal Arora video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ZCdwTudJg6e6n-P2gsaUborP4izvMsGo71pvEVlX9dNYWcLXcP7VHkWpn2grt4TUP1KoJLQP9NswyHBuBLSFTBw The Inductive Effect In this video, we look at the first of our electronic effects - the inductive effect - that can lead to the polarisation of a molecule due to electron pull/push through sigma bonds ! https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WO8BHU6lPXc.mp4/WO8BHU6lPXc.mp4 684 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ka-chemistry-grade-11/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles-and-techniques/x7b9df4d3282049b3:inductive-effect/e/inductive-effect-and-the-stability-of-intermediates 2026-04-08T00:16:02.937952483Z Inductive effect and the stability of intermediates (Basic) Let's solve a few questions on how inductive effect stabilises various intermediates like carbocations, carbanions and free radicals. Revathi exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/organic-structures/formal-charge-resonance/v/resonance-intro-jay 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Resonance structures Introduction to resonance structures, when they are used, and how they are drawn. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/MVN4FUjqNmsRVZMb-lTWVjhFoEYYv1qsusSMgk_n0VaL98crRsbzsSPR_FMhf2xq3UAbu5iXJfkNM2fVftwnlJg1 Resonance structures Introduction to resonance structures, when they are used, and how they are drawn. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7BgiKyvviyU.mp4/7BgiKyvviyU.mp4 552 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:electronic-effects/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:resonance/e/identifying-the-correct-resonating-structure 2026-04-07T22:59:30.107127435Z Identifying the correct resonating structure. Let's solve some problems to identify the correct resonating structures of a particular molecule. Aanchal Arora exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:electronic-effects/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:hyperconjugation/v/hyperconjugation-in-a-benzyl-cation 2022-10-19T23:00:37.806465381Z Hyperconjugation in a benzyl cation In this video how a methyl group added to different positions in a benzyl cation help in stabilising it via hyperconjugation Shahzad Karim video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ZCdwTudJg6e6n-P2gsaUborP4izvMsGo71pvEVlX9dNYWcLXcP7VHkWpn2grt4TUP1KoJLQP9NswyHBuBLSFTBw Hyperconjugation in a benzyl cation In this video how a methyl group added to different positions in a benzyl cation help in stabilising it via hyperconjugation https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mfTFurhA1sM.mp4/mfTFurhA1sM.mp4 636 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:electronic-effects/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:hyperconjugation/v/hyperconjugation-isotopic-effect 2022-10-19T23:00:37.806465381Z Hyperconjugation - Isotopic Effect In this video we see how hyperconjugation/hyperconjugative ability changes if i replace the hydrogen(H) atoms with its isotopes deuterium(D) and tritium(T) Shahzad Karim video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ZCdwTudJg6e6n-P2gsaUborP4izvMsGo71pvEVlX9dNYWcLXcP7VHkWpn2grt4TUP1KoJLQP9NswyHBuBLSFTBw Hyperconjugation - Isotopic Effect In this video we see how hyperconjugation/hyperconjugative ability changes if i replace the hydrogen(H) atoms with its isotopes deuterium(D) and tritium(T) https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0fki-gu5Ob8.mp4/0fki-gu5Ob8.mp4 776 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:electronic-effects/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:hyperconjugation/e/hyperconjugation-and-stability-of-carbocations 2026-04-07T22:23:57.656416987Z Hyperconjugation and stability of carbocations. Let's solve some problems to identify the stability order of carbocations using hyper conjugation. Aanchal Arora exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:electronic-effects/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:hyperconjugation/v/heat-of-hydrogenation-vs-stability-of-alkenes 2022-10-19T23:00:37.806465381Z Heat of hydrogenation vs stability of alkenes In this video, we see how we can figure out the stability of different alkenes from their heat of hydrogenation. We make a conclusion - "higher the stability of alkene implies lower heat of hydrogenation" Shahzad Karim video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ZCdwTudJg6e6n-P2gsaUborP4izvMsGo71pvEVlX9dNYWcLXcP7VHkWpn2grt4TUP1KoJLQP9NswyHBuBLSFTBw Heat of hydrogenation vs stability of alkenes In this video, we see how we can figure out the stability of different alkenes from their heat of hydrogenation. We make a conclusion - "higher the stability of alkene implies lower heat of hydrogenation" https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AC6cJRk5r_c.mp4/AC6cJRk5r_c.mp4 760 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:electronic-effects/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:hyperconjugation/e/hyperconjugation-and-stability-of-alkenes 2022-06-30T01:05:07.154196488Z Hyperconjugation and stability of alkenes. Now that we have identified how hyperconjugation helps with the stability of carbocations., let's solve some problems to identify how it is one of the determining factors for the stability of alkenes. Aanchal Arora exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:electronic-effects/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:who-wins-resonance-hyperconjugation-or-inductive-advanced/v/worked-ex-resonance-vs-hyperconjugation 2022-10-19T23:00:37.806465381Z Worked ex : Resonance vs Hyperconjugation In this video we look at how to analyse the stability of a cation when we have different functional groups (that can exhibit Resonance and Hyperconjugation ) attached to it! Shahzad Karim video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ZCdwTudJg6e6n-P2gsaUborP4izvMsGo71pvEVlX9dNYWcLXcP7VHkWpn2grt4TUP1KoJLQP9NswyHBuBLSFTBw Worked ex : Resonance vs Hyperconjugation In this video we look at how to analyse the stability of a cation when we have different functional groups (that can exhibit Resonance and Hyperconjugation ) attached to it! https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NnAajPylT_s.mp4/NnAajPylT_s.mp4 672 General organic chemistry https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:electronic-effects/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:who-wins-resonance-hyperconjugation-or-inductive-advanced/e/who-wins-resonance-hyperconjugation-or-inductive 2026-04-07T23:55:07.30621384Z Who wins? Resonance, Hyperconjugation or Inductive? (ADVANCED) Now that we have identified the role of each electronic effect in stabilising an intermediate, let's talk about who does it better! Aanchal Arora exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ka-chemistry-grade-11/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles-and-techniques/x7b9df4d3282049b3:qualitative-and-quantitative-analysis-of-organic-compounds/e/qualitiative-analysis-of-organic-compounds 2025-07-30T06:46:45.655121542Z Qualitiative analysis of organic compounds We are going to identify the different elements present in organic compounds. Nidhi Narwal exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ka-chemistry-grade-11/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-organic-chemistry-some-basic-principles-and-techniques/x7b9df4d3282049b3:qualitative-and-quantitative-analysis-of-organic-compounds/e/quantitative-analysis-of-organic-compounds 2025-08-01T08:18:04.53959252Z Quantitative analysis of organic compounds We are going to find the exact percentage of different elements in the compounds. Nidhi Narwal exercise