https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-laws-of-thermodynamics/v/macrostates-and-microstates 2021-01-04T18:35:19Z Macrostates and microstates In physics, a microstate is defined as the arrangement of each molecule in the system at a single instant. A macrostate is defined by the macroscopic properties of the system, such as temperature, pressure, volume, etc. For each macrostate, there are many microstates which result in the same macrostate.  Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/KWI-2-CgMgW6NhsztssSQNcYLKXIVHjyZ4mRRi55w5o2sZwL6ZQUXfAXq90B9Y1EzzXa0RR7IseAZ3ahwWYwGhc Macrostates and microstates In physics, a microstate is defined as the arrangement of each molecule in the system at a single instant. A macrostate is defined by the macroscopic properties of the system, such as temperature, pressure, volume, etc. For each macrostate, there are many microstates which result in the same macrostate.  https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5EU-y1VF7g4.mp4/5EU-y1VF7g4.mp4 1109 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-laws-of-thermodynamics/v/quasistatic-and-reversible-processes 2021-01-04T18:35:17Z Quasistatic and reversible processes Using theoretically quasi-static and/or reversible processes to stay pretty much at equilibrium. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/hw6C4q-1ppPdHB_AHGD9IQ0spc1gDXquKX6WBY-rpeSr5rCY7tHIlHbA72ib3LLcu8nJYmK7qGPz2lTKrG3Z2S9J Quasistatic and reversible processes Using theoretically quasi-static and/or reversible processes to stay pretty much at equilibrium. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lKq-10ysDb4.mp4/lKq-10ysDb4.mp4 877 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-laws-of-thermodynamics/v/first-law-of-thermodynamics-internal-energy 2021-02-07T17:14:01Z First law of thermodynamics / internal energy First law of thermodynamic and internal energy Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/-vQn1Uqq3cVX_oiOnVUX6q0k4aOsTEYrOFNf9KLw6rtFuKEHMJa0f0L971rmBZ1M-vE5KkJLzKNL8cV9XIQb38w First law of thermodynamics / internal energy First law of thermodynamic and internal energy https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Xb05CaG7TsQ.mp4/Xb05CaG7TsQ.mp4 1060 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-laws-of-thermodynamics/v/more-on-internal-energy 2021-01-04T18:35:17Z More on internal energy Getting more intuition of internal energy, heat, and work. Examples of using the first law to calculate work.  Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/6TzjuO8ILgScr3by6EzFsJrXCGejSRPAOKW_227ezFcA57VkjiWMYoKvJjRIyVDqS8_bQOYlFmfEFdo_KsGLrN15 More on internal energy Getting more intuition of internal energy, heat, and work. Examples of using the first law to calculate work.  https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aOSlXuDO4UU.mp4/aOSlXuDO4UU.mp4 825 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-laws-of-thermodynamics/e/sign-of-work-done-heat-and-change-in-internal-energy 2025-03-07T17:53:35.217025261Z Sign of work done, heat and change in internal energy Let's solve some problems to better understand how to find the sign of work done, heat and change in internal energy in thermodynamics. Aakash Bagga exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-2/x0e2f5a2c:thermodynamics/x0e2f5a2c:thermodynamic-processes/e/first-law-of-thermodynamics-word-problems 2025-03-07T17:53:35.217025261Z First law of thermodynamics: word problems Let's solve some problems to better understand how to apply the equation of the first law of thermodynamics. Aakash Bagga exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-work-from-pv-graph-internal-energy/v/pv-diagrams-and-expansion-work 2021-01-04T18:35:19Z PV-diagrams and expansion work Why work from expansion is the area under the curve of a PV-diagram. Why heat is not a state function and internal energy is a state function.  Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/o0NLo_51YbPOTghSToDJTd8lQ83LuqcrEOA7bYYsiUpJI950e2pTYMt_XnHO90bYMCGK9B1ZYFVREJ1h_IFjCFjRdA PV-diagrams and expansion work Why work from expansion is the area under the curve of a PV-diagram. Why heat is not a state function and internal energy is a state function.  https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/M5uOIy-JTmo.mp4/M5uOIy-JTmo.mp4 924 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-work-from-pv-graph-internal-energy/e/work-from-pv-diagrams 2026-04-08T00:54:09.631945657Z Work from PV diagrams Let's solve some problems to better understand how to find work using PV diagrams Aakash Bagga exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-work-from-pv-graph-internal-energy/v/proof-u-3-2-pv-or-u-3-2-nrt 2021-02-07T17:14:00Z Proof: U = (3/2)PV or U = (3/2)nRT Conceptual proof that the internal energy of an ideal gas system is 3/2 PV. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/rGKT3FKICYl4BSIFjULRX1Nfb3i_FSXWgIJOgHGjdz3k3Eok--3jIBAdcLjPGG19VXNL08lnVrv4iR83xsCdNxI Proof: U = (3/2)PV or U = (3/2)nRT Conceptual proof that the internal energy of an ideal gas system is 3/2 PV. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qSFY7GKhSRs.mp4/qSFY7GKhSRs.mp4 1016 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-work-from-pv-graph-internal-energy/e/internal-energy 2026-04-07T22:23:57.656416987Z Internal energy Let's solve some problems to better understand how to find internal energy in thermodynamics problems. Aakash Bagga exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-phy-kinetic-theory/in-in-kinetic-molecular-theory-of-gas/v/heat-capacity-at-constant-volume-and-pressure 2023-09-10T17:11:17.624018169Z Heat capacity at constant volume and pressure Explore the kinetic energy of a monatomic ideal gas and how it changes with heat and work. Uncover the first law of thermodynamics and its implications on internal energy. Dive into the concept of heat capacities at constant volume and pressure, and their relationship with the Ideal Gas Law. David SantoPietro video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/uvW5cHwyhir9lEHRg_57cleTflBpC0ZF4cuPTcfxM6I4nujcevcY7z7WNX89xf2Regltsos40m_Ela0i-CALcCI Heat capacity at constant volume and pressure Explore the kinetic energy of a monatomic ideal gas and how it changes with heat and work. Uncover the first law of thermodynamics and its implications on internal energy. Dive into the concept of heat capacities at constant volume and pressure, and their relationship with the Ideal Gas Law. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kZO-XQdBwqk.mp4/kZO-XQdBwqk.mp4 736 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-work-from-pv-graph-internal-energy/e/applications-of-first-law 2026-04-08T00:16:02.937952483Z Applications of first law Let's solve some problems where we apply the first law of thermodynamics and all the previous things we have learnt so far in the unit. Aakash Bagga exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-work-from-pv-graph-internal-energy/e/applications-of-first-law-cyclic-processes 2026-04-08T01:15:04.085520103Z Applications of first law - cyclic processes Let's solve some problems where we apply the first law of thermodynamics to cyclic processes. Aakash Bagga exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-laws-of-thermodynamics/v/work-done-by-isothermic-process 2021-01-04T18:35:18Z Work done by isothermic process Isothermic and adiabatic processes. Calculating the work done by an isothermic process and seeing that it is the same as the heat added. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/c3w8Hap2Y1ml0dYdw5VT6QWh7_QHlr-ru9xwYHuNaN9DryCnLx3IYrw-VgjM5srX7oVQGGsj8IlAO_0eee_NwOM2zg Work done by isothermic process Isothermic and adiabatic processes. Calculating the work done by an isothermic process and seeing that it is the same as the heat added. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iiFWoXQPOJc.mp4/iiFWoXQPOJc.mp4 1143 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-2/x0e2f5a2c:thermodynamics/x0e2f5a2c:thermodynamic-processes/e/thermodynamic-processes 2025-01-26T22:00:30.403543414Z Thermodynamic processes Let's solve some problems to better understand the change in thermodynamic quantities (such as work done, heat supplied and change in internal energy) during thermodynamic processes (such as isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, etc.) Aakash Bagga exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-thermodynamic-processes/v/carnot-cycle-and-carnot-engine 2021-01-04T18:35:19Z Carnot cycle and Carnot engine Introduction to the Carnot cycle and Carnot heat engine Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/Wf57XGLG7AA63-m41o4M4Raj1-fGwzqRrmXDnEr_bvyXU2IEAYrC3UszzuRx5nGHWlj_Sl5Q9XmZ4O5quGvlr_c Carnot cycle and Carnot engine Introduction to the Carnot cycle and Carnot heat engine https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aAfBSJObd6Y.mp4/aAfBSJObd6Y.mp4 1253 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-thermodynamic-processes/v/proof-volume-ratios-in-a-carnot-cycle 2021-01-04T18:35:19Z Proof: Volume ratios in a Carnot cycle Proof of the volume ratios in a Carnot cycle Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/Fb9vaWTMXPTGzAhWBQfNH9JJb4x2ALaiFrCUS2e0igKY3CUHk7KrjV7OBu9bJcCv9mYJJyrCaVeDf3tCJyKKEZPjFg Proof: Volume ratios in a Carnot cycle Proof of the volume ratios in a Carnot cycle https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ixRtSV3CXPA.mp4/ixRtSV3CXPA.mp4 1028 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-thermodynamic-processes/v/efficiency-of-a-carnot-engine 2021-02-07T17:14:00Z Efficiency of a Carnot engine Definition of efficiency for a heat engine. Efficiency of a Carnot Engine. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/DzQxV2ySvzvfUI437at1DFynGdeuqHTKUyq_tnWVRjQshgMyxnLsvT992ASIOcu8e34he-A9HPsgki1u92N4oIPV Efficiency of a Carnot engine Definition of efficiency for a heat engine. Efficiency of a Carnot Engine. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/M_5KYncYNyc.mp4/M_5KYncYNyc.mp4 844 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-thermodynamic-processes/e/carnot-engine 2022-12-30T07:04:04.59510164Z Carnot Engine (Theoretical) Let's solve some problems to better our understanding of Carnot Engine. Aakash Bagga exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-thermodynamic-processes/e/carnot-engine-basic 2025-03-07T17:53:35.217025261Z Carnot Engine (Basic) Let's solve some problems to better understand the Carnot engine. Aakash Bagga exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-thermodynamic-processes/v/carnot-efficiency-2-reversing-the-cycle 2021-02-07T17:14:01Z Carnot efficiency 2: Reversing the cycle Seeing how we can scale and or reverse a Carnot Engine (to make a refrigerator) Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/VNrYA6Gj1OqzD0mlSkn0jJGLkmNDzO5crl_ugIKITPRQaIWVRM54TX8o7_8gnljdn3XkkZrdTrDzeu5X4DV_6b3XDQ Carnot efficiency 2: Reversing the cycle Seeing how we can scale and or reverse a Carnot Engine (to make a refrigerator) https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pQWwP7YYH6o.mp4/pQWwP7YYH6o.mp4 841 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-thermodynamic-processes/v/carnot-efficiency-3-proving-that-it-is-the-most-efficient 2021-02-07T17:14:00Z Carnot efficiency 3: Proving that it is the most efficient Proving that a Carnot Engine is the most efficient engine Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/prfp-gM9uv7wBlHYijp9AXe2U7Dq_w36risvpVWLir6YCmriBHr6R3kSOkV7W2FZXD8JwUg9VvN7FiyfEMzd4fQ Carnot efficiency 3: Proving that it is the most efficient Proving that a Carnot Engine is the most efficient engine https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LUoUb4hGMH8.mp4/LUoUb4hGMH8.mp4 737 Thermodynamics https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-11th-physics-thermodynamics/in-in-thermodynamic-processes/e/carnot-engine-intermediate 2023-01-18T05:00:22.262948215Z Carnot Engine (Intermediate) Let's solve some problems to better our understanding of Carnot engine and practice the various formulae we encounter in this section of Physics. Aakash Bagga exercise