https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:intermolecular-forces-and-properties/x2eef969c74e0d802:ideal-gas-law/v/ideal-gas-equation-pv-nrt 2022-09-05T08:18:59.810508578Z The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) relates the macroscopic properties of ideal gases. An ideal gas is a gas in which the particles (a) do not attract or repel one another and (b) take up no space (have no volume). No gas is truly ideal, but the ideal gas law does provide a good approximation of real gas behavior under many conditions. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/40780d4d-c476-4b9d-a6a9-d27a2292e521_1280_720_base.png The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) The ideal gas law (PV = nRT) relates the macroscopic properties of ideal gases. An ideal gas is a gas in which the particles (a) do not attract or repel one another and (b) take up no space (have no volume). No gas is truly ideal, but the ideal gas law does provide a good approximation of real gas behavior under many conditions. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qObcdZj8YTM.mp4/qObcdZj8YTM.mp4 379 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:intermolecular-forces-and-properties/x2eef969c74e0d802:ideal-gas-law/v/worked-example-using-the-ideal-gas-law-to-calculate-number-of-moles 2022-09-11T00:33:55.311722934Z Worked example: Using the ideal gas law to calculate number of moles The ideal gas law relates four macroscopic properties of ideal gases (pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature). If we know the values of three of these properties, we can use the ideal gas law to solve for the fourth. In this video, we'll use the ideal gas law to solve for the number of moles (and ultimately molecules) in a sample of gas. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/d12510ee-b180-4380-b3e0-8f5b6c0a6fa0_1280_720_base.png Worked example: Using the ideal gas law to calculate number of moles The ideal gas law relates four macroscopic properties of ideal gases (pressure, volume, number of moles, and temperature). If we know the values of three of these properties, we can use the ideal gas law to solve for the fourth. In this video, we'll use the ideal gas law to solve for the number of moles (and ultimately molecules) in a sample of gas. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KnWEhXmJwdU.mp4/KnWEhXmJwdU.mp4 437 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-chemistry/x2613d8165d88df5e:states-of-matter/x2613d8165d88df5e:gases/v/worked-example-using-the-ideal-gas-law-to-calculate-a-change-in-volume 2022-09-11T00:33:55.311722934Z Worked example: Using the ideal gas law to calculate a change in volume The ideal gas law can be used to describe a change in state for an ideal gas. In this video, we'll apply the ideal gas law to the initial and final states of a gas to see how changes in temperature and pressure affect the volume of the gas. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/6d255071-8726-425b-9aee-2ffd1e6e6b5f_1280_720_base.png Worked example: Using the ideal gas law to calculate a change in volume The ideal gas law can be used to describe a change in state for an ideal gas. In this video, we'll apply the ideal gas law to the initial and final states of a gas to see how changes in temperature and pressure affect the volume of the gas. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bQ5vHcFlT78.mp4/bQ5vHcFlT78.mp4 392 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-2/x0e2f5a2c:thermodynamics/x0e2f5a2c:gases/e/calculations-using-the-ideal-gas-equation-exercise 2025-02-06T18:17:42.147590351Z Calculations using the ideal gas equation Practice calculating pressure, volume, temperature, and moles of gas using the ideal gas equation Yuki exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-phy-kinetic-theory/in-in-phy-ideal-gas-laws/v/derivation-of-gas-constants-using-molar-volume-and-stp 2023-09-10T17:11:17.624018169Z Derivation of gas constants using molar volume and STP This video explains the ideal gas law, focusing on the constant 'R'. It demonstrates how 'R' remains the same for any ideal gas, regardless of changes in other variables. The video also clarifies the calculation of 'R' under standard temperature and pressure (STP) using different units of measurement. Ryan Scott Patton video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/rC69-UoMmkwUE3iGb4miDrapv-ZJVfHs1gqm1wIBZ-QhJR6Hkl8OuEjh7bVbDxY04X6PGUPhRg5AJFGL9CGHs2F4 Derivation of gas constants using molar volume and STP This video explains the ideal gas law, focusing on the constant 'R'. It demonstrates how 'R' remains the same for any ideal gas, regardless of changes in other variables. The video also clarifies the calculation of 'R' under standard temperature and pressure (STP) using different units of measurement. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dfZ9_vFwCA4.mp4/dfZ9_vFwCA4.mp4 451 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-phy-kinetic-theory/in-in-phy-ideal-gas-laws/v/boyles-law 2023-09-10T17:11:17.624018169Z Boyle's law Explore Robert Boyle's 17th-century experiments with gases that led to Boyle's Law. Discover how Boyle's Law, demonstrating the inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume, laid the groundwork for the ideal gas equation. This historical journey illuminates key principles in gas behavior. Ryan Scott Patton video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/lwCYcauccuyIPaH4_6eZo1pHHWTAzf1D2nm-7IMdDxGKW8wlMjkVUk9npDZUHi2WYZc6gCOasK2AnEytFvCrV0zs Boyle's law Explore Robert Boyle's 17th-century experiments with gases that led to Boyle's Law. Discover how Boyle's Law, demonstrating the inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume, laid the groundwork for the ideal gas equation. This historical journey illuminates key principles in gas behavior. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PIM4G3IZk5Y.mp4/PIM4G3IZk5Y.mp4 645 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-phy-kinetic-theory/in-in-phy-ideal-gas-laws/v/charles-law 2023-09-10T17:11:17.624018169Z Charles's law Learn about Jacques Charles's experiments with gas and temperature, and discover how heating a gas in a closed container under constant pressure increases its volume. Uncover Charles's Law, the concept that volume divided by temperature is constant, and see it applied to real-world problems Ryan Scott Patton video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/3YbFb2Htrws57PF2Ef5Nch8pLmMS5JUvSLQOV2PUGqxCK8FkaA2kx16mW9d1WYSNOV_LnzyH4uEVXQbYUvFgweOoMg Charles's law Learn about Jacques Charles's experiments with gas and temperature, and discover how heating a gas in a closed container under constant pressure increases its volume. Uncover Charles's Law, the concept that volume divided by temperature is constant, and see it applied to real-world problems https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/o52BW3B4efc.mp4/o52BW3B4efc.mp4 487 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-phy-kinetic-theory/in-in-phy-ideal-gas-laws/v/avogadros-law 2023-09-10T17:11:17.624018169Z Avogadro's law Explore Avogadro's Law with this engaging lesson. Discover how the Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro's experiments with tiny particles led to the postulation that equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of particles. This fundamental principle forms the basis of the ideal gas equation, a cornerstone in the study of physical processes. Ryan Scott Patton video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/rNdo_pZxKt5-_RaYFIRqAok8jFzQEILYDbzz1NWZv8lyemRRxYmPxTiC-r8WL5tfJVo-f_MNIzNHWgJHZ81N_JXr Avogadro's law Explore Avogadro's Law with this engaging lesson. Discover how the Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro's experiments with tiny particles led to the postulation that equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain equal number of particles. This fundamental principle forms the basis of the ideal gas equation, a cornerstone in the study of physical processes. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/54--44LhQRU.mp4/54--44LhQRU.mp4 492 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-chemistry/x2613d8165d88df5e:states-of-matter/x2613d8165d88df5e:gases/v/introduction-to-partial-pressure 2022-09-05T08:18:59.810508578Z Gas mixtures and partial pressures For a mixture of ideal gases, the total pressure exerted by the mixture equals the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert on its own. This observation, known as Dalton's law of partial pressures, can be written as follows:  P (total) = P ₁ + P ₂ + P ₃ + ... where P ₁, P ₂, and P ₃ are the partial pressures of the different gases in the mixture, and P (total) is the total pressure of the mixture. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/42d15842-c5e3-46e8-a0ae-7bf3b79ecec4_1280_720_base.png Gas mixtures and partial pressures For a mixture of ideal gases, the total pressure exerted by the mixture equals the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert on its own. This observation, known as Dalton's law of partial pressures, can be written as follows:  P (total) = P ₁ + P ₂ + P ₃ + ... where P ₁, P ₂, and P ₃ are the partial pressures of the different gases in the mixture, and P (total) is the total pressure of the mixture. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/A2xi-jEqpmg.mp4/A2xi-jEqpmg.mp4 383 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:intermolecular-forces-and-properties/x2eef969c74e0d802:ideal-gas-law/v/partial-pressure 2020-09-02T22:12:34Z Worked example: Calculating partial pressures In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas behaves independently of the other gases. As a result, we can use the ideal gas law to calculate the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture. Once we know the partial pressures of all of the gases, we can sum them using Dalton's law to find the total pressure of the mixture. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/tEgSJKMDoh-xSWMmpebeTDK-658i5nz4S4TXFdS-wSHMo8poAux1iE-N7IjjSII2ZDzSVRTVD1ysRmPyDSV49yk Worked example: Calculating partial pressures In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas behaves independently of the other gases. As a result, we can use the ideal gas law to calculate the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture. Once we know the partial pressures of all of the gases, we can sum them using Dalton's law to find the total pressure of the mixture. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6jaMJHiza4s.mp4/6jaMJHiza4s.mp4 483 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:intermolecular-forces-and-properties/x2eef969c74e0d802:kinetic-molecular-theory/v/maxwell-boltzmann-distribution 2021-06-24T11:08:07Z The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution describes the distribution of speeds among the particles in a sample of gas at a given temperature. The distribution is often represented graphically, with particle speed on the x-axis and relative number of particles on the y-axis. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/FAV1E2BGU46xouRYJUFhHAh86UAHV6gpj1jbf-ZT7gT4nqP1YVKAnV3hk06OCSbUPSEOgnDTzVtH3AmYtfdS9EYY The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution describes the distribution of speeds among the particles in a sample of gas at a given temperature. The distribution is often represented graphically, with particle speed on the x-axis and relative number of particles on the y-axis. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xQ9D4Jz95-A.mp4/xQ9D4Jz95-A.mp4 570 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-phy-kinetic-theory/in-in-phy-ideal-gas-laws/e/gas-phase-questions 2026-04-07T23:17:37.123726494Z Gas phase questions Gas phase questions Chris Su exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-phy-kinetic-theory/in-in-kinetic-molecular-theory-of-gas/e/gas-phase-quiz 2026-04-07T22:23:57.656416987Z Gas phase quiz Gas phase quiz Chris Su exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-2/x0e2f5a2c:thermodynamics/x0e2f5a2c:gases/v/boltzmanns-constant 2023-09-10T17:11:17.624018169Z Boltzmann's constant Explore Ludwig Boltzmann's groundbreaking atomic theory and his constant's role in thermal physics. Understand the kinetic-molecular explanation of temperature, the ideal gas law, and the concept of entropy. Uncover the microscopic details of gas molecules and their impact on our understanding of heat energy. David SantoPietro video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/BLHNuXIi0HZxDyAf9rEVZQjcZBsBgNZozIC05J-Ug11CAf3nC9upHB0OtD8pA7SCf1waFzl3xpXDyWQQ_33j5zs Boltzmann's constant Explore Ludwig Boltzmann's groundbreaking atomic theory and his constant's role in thermal physics. Understand the kinetic-molecular explanation of temperature, the ideal gas law, and the concept of entropy. Uncover the microscopic details of gas molecules and their impact on our understanding of heat energy. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rVD7HKafnnE.mp4/rVD7HKafnnE.mp4 586 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-phy-kinetic-theory/in-in-kinetic-molecular-theory-of-gas/v/heat-capacity-at-constant-volume-and-pressure 2023-09-10T17:11:17.624018169Z Heat capacity at constant volume and pressure Explore the kinetic energy of a monatomic ideal gas and how it changes with heat and work. Uncover the first law of thermodynamics and its implications on internal energy. Dive into the concept of heat capacities at constant volume and pressure, and their relationship with the Ideal Gas Law. David SantoPietro video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/uvW5cHwyhir9lEHRg_57cleTflBpC0ZF4cuPTcfxM6I4nujcevcY7z7WNX89xf2Regltsos40m_Ela0i-CALcCI Heat capacity at constant volume and pressure Explore the kinetic energy of a monatomic ideal gas and how it changes with heat and work. Uncover the first law of thermodynamics and its implications on internal energy. Dive into the concept of heat capacities at constant volume and pressure, and their relationship with the Ideal Gas Law. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kZO-XQdBwqk.mp4/kZO-XQdBwqk.mp4 736 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class11th-physics/in-in-phy-kinetic-theory/in-in-kinetic-molecular-theory-of-gas/v/kinetic-molecular-theory-of-gases 2023-09-10T17:11:17.624018169Z Kinetic molecular theory of gases Explore the kinetic-molecular theory of gases and its implications for macroscopic properties like pressure, volume, and temperature. Uncover the relationship between microscopic properties and macroscopic properties, and delve into the concept of average kinetic energy in a gas. David SantoPietro video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/smFsJb-5iXzaqtP9DZxvkq-WTgpkCOjoY-EboMd8vqnwBMp7-4IH3xOllB7EaW8weQ3CiTKG8rjUSgV7WYGNiHML Kinetic molecular theory of gases Explore the kinetic-molecular theory of gases and its implications for macroscopic properties like pressure, volume, and temperature. Uncover the relationship between microscopic properties and macroscopic properties, and delve into the concept of average kinetic energy in a gas. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UMXSNjjUVt4.mp4/UMXSNjjUVt4.mp4 900 Kinetic theory https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-2/x0e2f5a2c:thermodynamics/x0e2f5a2c:gases/e/rms-speed-and-average-kinetic-energy-of-gas-molecules 2025-03-12T14:20:10.072734823Z RMS speed and average kinetic energy of gas molecules Let's solve some problems to better understand how to find the rms speed and average KE of gas molecules. Aakash Bagga exercise