https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:free-radical-reactions/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:preparation-of-alkanes/v/kolbe-s-electrolyis 2023-04-06T06:20:22.223577746Z Kolbe's Electrolyis In this video we look at how we can convert vegetable oils to alkanes via Kolbe's electrolysis Aanchal Arora video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ZCdwTudJg6e6n-P2gsaUborP4izvMsGo71pvEVlX9dNYWcLXcP7VHkWpn2grt4TUP1KoJLQP9NswyHBuBLSFTBw Kolbe's Electrolyis In this video we look at how we can convert vegetable oils to alkanes via Kolbe's electrolysis https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/be8D0kLeOSQ.mp4/be8D0kLeOSQ.mp4 864 Hydrocarbons https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:free-radical-reactions/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:preparation-of-alkanes/e/free-radical-reactions-kolbe-s-electrolysis 2026-04-07T22:23:57.656416987Z Free radical reactions: Kolbe's electrolysis Kolbe's electrolysis is a free radical reaction that is widely used in the preparation of symmetrical alkanes from carboxylic acids. This electrolysis process results in decarboxylative dimerisation, ie., carbon dioxide gets eliminated and the alkyl free radical dimerises to form the final symmetrical alkane. Revathi exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:free-radical-reactions/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:halogenation-of-alkanes/v/chlorination-of-propane 2023-04-06T06:20:22.223577746Z Chlorination of Propane This video talks about the chlorination of an alkane. Aanchal Arora video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ZCdwTudJg6e6n-P2gsaUborP4izvMsGo71pvEVlX9dNYWcLXcP7VHkWpn2grt4TUP1KoJLQP9NswyHBuBLSFTBw Chlorination of Propane This video talks about the chlorination of an alkane. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nWxQPsdACM8.mp4/nWxQPsdACM8.mp4 556 Hydrocarbons https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry-essentials/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:free-radical-reactions/x1918b84b5bb1f2e6:halogenation-of-alkanes/e/halogenation-of-alkanes 2026-04-08T01:15:04.085520103Z Halogenation of alkanes We will explore more on the free radical halogenation of alkanes such as the selectivity of chlorination vs bromination, what major products are obtained in each of these and what factors affect their formation etc. Revathi exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/alkene-reactions-tutorial/v/halogenation 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Alkene halogenation Halogenation is a reaction that occurs when one or more halogens are added to a substance. Halogens comprise the seventh column in the periodic table and include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. The resulting product of a halogenation reaction is known as a halogenated compound. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/uN05iZmvHt6a3Vn_jUUskAXCnTQBiv3M50QaA2m6GVhWbSeJMr8xaRKVUwCB3u1QCyw5fOinwPb8xGJMVV_4exA Alkene halogenation Halogenation is a reaction that occurs when one or more halogens are added to a substance. Halogens comprise the seventh column in the periodic table and include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. The resulting product of a halogenation reaction is known as a halogenated compound. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Yiy84xYQ3es.mp4/Yiy84xYQ3es.mp4 493 Hydrocarbons https://www.khanacademy.org/science/telangana-class-12-chemistry/x50160c6c142df488:haloalkanes-and-haloarenees/x50160c6c142df488:preparation-of-haloalkanes/e/electrophilic-addition-of-halogens-to-alkenes 2026-04-07T23:55:07.30621384Z Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes Through this exercise, we will test and further our understanding of the addition of halogens to alkenes and the mechanism behind it. Revathi exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ka-chemistry-grade-11/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-hydrocarbons/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-alkenes-properties/e/peroxide-effect 2026-04-07T23:55:07.30621384Z Peroxide effect We are familiar with converting an alkene into an alkyl halide of markovnikov's orientation based on the stability of the intermediate carbocation. Here, we will explore how to obtain an alkyl halide from an alkene with an antimarkovnikov's orientation but something that happens specifically for HBr alone (and not HCl and HI). We will see that, in the presence of peroxides, bromide ion adds to the less substituted end of the double bond (in general, depending on the stability of the intermediate free radical).  Revathi exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/naming-preparation-alkynes/v/preparation-of-alkynes 2021-03-22T03:07:30Z Preparation of alkynes Note that if a terminal alkyne is produced, the strong base will deprotonate the alkyne to form an alkynide anion. A proton source (like H2O) must be added to regenerate the terminal alkyne. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/BsV9hhSZVb-h55TiGmI3enQzxSdPcu2abNBvuVeRtXPrar30-Z6YXygyVQ5hpEyHEsISPNaXnjSNI4VPeYZtHayh8Q Preparation of alkynes Note that if a terminal alkyne is produced, the strong base will deprotonate the alkyne to form an alkynide anion. A proton source (like H2O) must be added to regenerate the terminal alkyne. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HbDWBeRJboE.mp4/HbDWBeRJboE.mp4 445 Hydrocarbons https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/alkyne-reactions/v/hydration-of-alkynes 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Hydration of alkynes Reaction between a terminal alkyne, a strong acid, and mercury (II) sulfate. Using Mark's rule to determine the regiochemistry of addition, and the mechanism of acid-catalyzed tautomerization.  Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/hQ9_vIG0CbJlPXnjbFE8D_lbWGTIlUNep-KNyICvbRNAC9eWQMz9jjux-DX4G0SspkcWO1qLQ8nU7zbNcN3WeKS0 Hydration of alkynes Reaction between a terminal alkyne, a strong acid, and mercury (II) sulfate. Using Mark's rule to determine the regiochemistry of addition, and the mechanism of acid-catalyzed tautomerization.  https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AE1pkp-_cKE.mp4/AE1pkp-_cKE.mp4 477 Hydrocarbons https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ka-chemistry-grade-11/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-hydrocarbons/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-alkynes-properties/e/hydrohalogenation-of-alkynes 2026-04-07T23:55:07.30621384Z Hydrohalogenation of alkynes Just like in the case of alkenes, the addition of hydrogen halides to alkynes proceeds through a carbocation intermediate. The major product again depends on the stability of the intermediate carbocation. Now, how does the product formed vary for a terminal alkyne and an internal alkyne? And like in the alkenes, do we get an anti-Markovnikov orientation in the presence of peroxides? Let's see if you can answer these questions! Revathi exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ka-chemistry-grade-11/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-hydrocarbons/x7b9df4d3282049b3:in-in-alkynes-properties/e/hydration-of-alkynes 2026-04-07T22:23:57.656416987Z Acid-catalysed hydration of alkynes We saw that in the electrophilic addition of water to alkenes, alcohols are obtained as the final product. Whereas, the addition of water to alkynes gives us aldehydes and ketones as the final products. We will also look the mechanism of this reaction, the intermediates involved and also the orientation of the final product. Revathi exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution/v/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-mechanism 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism The general reaction and mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/SLVLV63YEr0Ec9XM1NN-Yq4PEFJSPL7AOCnv-nxHAErSya7OqA3CZW9wcW6ce-39E2Ulf5UMUK4zEUpK77R4sGHa Electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism The general reaction and mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eQzbpL0uWVA.mp4/eQzbpL0uWVA.mp4 415 Hydrocarbons https://www.khanacademy.org/science/grade-12-chemistry-snc-aligned/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:hydrocarbons/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:reaction-mechanisms-of-aromatic-hydrocarbons-electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-and-related-reactions/e/friedel-crafts-reactions-on-benzene 2026-04-08T00:16:02.937952483Z Friedel-Crafts Reactions on Benzene Let's solve a few problems to understand deeply how to form Alkyl benzene and ketones from benzene. Aanchal Arora exercise