https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/reactions-benzene/v/bromination-of-benzene 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Bromination of benzene The bromination of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. In this reaction, the electrophile (bromine) forms a sigma bond to the benzene ring, yielding an intermediate. Then, a proton is removed from the intermediate to form a substituted benzene ring. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/msw4igaiqJ6zmgUs6DXiAi19hwnsLUiXrpEd3On8qJ3hZeu3MlJ8I6sDOY2kKQ8nk2tQp3hgNgwyTxoWXKV35OFc Bromination of benzene The bromination of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. In this reaction, the electrophile (bromine) forms a sigma bond to the benzene ring, yielding an intermediate. Then, a proton is removed from the intermediate to form a substituted benzene ring. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K2tIixiXGOM.mp4/K2tIixiXGOM.mp4 776 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/directing-effects/v/meta-directors-i 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Meta directors I Regiochemistry. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/4t7tKt-lQW-blHIy9SIqgbz9KO6LT2TZQ4pk0MOSw-1iAXx30Ov2e12CalvrBWbQXJc4uoCrYvzGuio9ZbLDPNk Meta directors I Regiochemistry. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/c547u94QRFU.mp4/c547u94QRFU.mp4 646 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/directing-effects/v/ortho-para-directors-i 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Ortho-para directors I Regiochemistry. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/_lvlP9-EWEhp95tNBEWiXYy18P_Xjed2S2lzwMnAxNKou8ioxinbQpVkQqBKb-hZ3gRGBP63qeuJhimesxKUCOT53Q Ortho-para directors I Regiochemistry. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/i9rfWOAEplk.mp4/i9rfWOAEplk.mp4 778 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution/v/nitration 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Nitration Nitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/umVY0jYYviCcIpc8jAGaRTdg3rjEzeusMPl3FH23ej9EZ9ZKyRkpqlwLT1fdkEnc9Oq9yDuH83CoLnyECcynWeY Nitration Nitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rC165FcI4Yg.mp4/rC165FcI4Yg.mp4 503 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/reactions-benzene/v/friedel-crafts-acylation 2021-03-31T16:14:53Z Friedel-Crafts acylation Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/8yaQEfzPghWismxlFSim0AvHC9ceD3KPiCD_0kYIUeXTYGk8JPIV1xmNeNOKRnqn4iIVoNVuTMo0JA_pkx2P17v0Fg Friedel-Crafts acylation Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vFfriC55fFw.mp4/vFfriC55fFw.mp4 678 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/reactions-benzene/v/friedel-crafts-acylation-addendum 2021-03-31T16:14:53Z Friedel crafts acylation addendum Friedel-Crafts acylation addendum. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/4puBly9jLBhgw8FQR7MB854PViCxJOjyibgR77l7mYQEsof5Ke7GL_s_klo0Vf46vFnOeb82R9_4VeP-2aQRCTw Friedel crafts acylation addendum Friedel-Crafts acylation addendum. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0YD5xSvseIw.mp4/0YD5xSvseIw.mp4 50 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution/v/friedel-crafts-alkylation 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Friedel-Crafts alkylation The mechanism of alkylation. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/3rEjnpNiYCsY9DLZr1-fu1wkp3RP4oWss9gI3gpIpCdR8RumyVpmR4ffdy0WvMo_rTwyb_0xmbcjKn1ufDnQRZ5aMw Friedel-Crafts alkylation The mechanism of alkylation. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FHptu3tcJnM.mp4/FHptu3tcJnM.mp4 823 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution/v/friedel-crafts-acylation-1 2021-03-22T03:07:30Z Friedel-Crafts acylation The mechanism of acylation. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/GOqELicy-iCGkK0QrSMbfeNtiT-I-AtJGRNO0xAxtc8Hq5ocYnw2l40MUZJsH3OHIv06R-HsZHB4KR_Jr9EyZTTn Friedel-Crafts acylation The mechanism of acylation. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xUFwzPmqt0Y.mp4/xUFwzPmqt0Y.mp4 552 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/other-reactions-and-synthesis/v/synthesis-of-substituted-benzene-rings-i 2021-03-22T03:07:30Z Synthesis of substituted benzene rings I Synthesis practice problems. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/6ql1aum-SVzzgBzxLGF7QQOZV51Hjwn8woAmTTkdCs2kQLAXR1xZex_ct6apFw6V_IS3sv6PrThoKdeXZNcRk2F7 Synthesis of substituted benzene rings I Synthesis practice problems. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K4RE-6AolEw.mp4/K4RE-6AolEw.mp4 460 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/other-reactions-and-synthesis/v/synthesis-of-substituted-benzene-rings-ii 2021-03-22T03:07:30Z Synthesis of substituted benzene rings II Synthesis practice problems. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/ktJbYlO4Vb1s8r-WTZwFwoK57Diozdw1KrhkkpJUZ6U2y_Br27mMcTSw9bg6Pkvtz2sjSmzdCH0UV9nmPrX-N4aj Synthesis of substituted benzene rings II Synthesis practice problems. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/b9NZvAhvIwQ.mp4/b9NZvAhvIwQ.mp4 506 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/alkene-reactions-tutorial/v/hydrogenation 2021-03-22T03:07:32Z Hydrogenation Hydrogenation of an alkene using hydrogen gas and a platinum (or palladium or nickel) catalyst. The mechanism of syn addition of the hydrogens.  Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/api8QKA4WN_ua2vU6TiH0F9zNmE3W1jZcsltApISvnLxEHFBbYJc2WfIMeXQjX4eV4rTHMk1ga7ztea1kuJqKuU Hydrogenation Hydrogenation of an alkene using hydrogen gas and a platinum (or palladium or nickel) catalyst. The mechanism of syn addition of the hydrogens.  https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fSk1Crn3R2E.mp4/fSk1Crn3R2E.mp4 702 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution/v/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-mechanism 2021-03-22T03:07:31Z Electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism The general reaction and mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/SLVLV63YEr0Ec9XM1NN-Yq4PEFJSPL7AOCnv-nxHAErSya7OqA3CZW9wcW6ce-39E2Ulf5UMUK4zEUpK77R4sGHa Electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism The general reaction and mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eQzbpL0uWVA.mp4/eQzbpL0uWVA.mp4 415 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aromatic-compounds/reactions-benzene/v/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution 2021-03-31T16:14:53Z Electrophilic aromatic substitution Electrophilic aromatic substitution. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/-w6TXv5_0QLFavEdA9AjXKAZgEhRqP2HHyPckT92QdnedLuejF_KkMuu856nKbTts3h3KuEBi_NPMG8n9jhjRN4 Electrophilic aromatic substitution Electrophilic aromatic substitution. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fpq0eICjuSI.mp4/fpq0eICjuSI.mp4 677 Reaction mechanisms of aromatic hydrocarbons (electrophilic aromatic substitution and related reactions) https://www.khanacademy.org/science/grade-12-chemistry-snc-aligned/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:hydrocarbons/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:reaction-mechanisms-of-aromatic-hydrocarbons-electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-and-related-reactions/e/halogenation-of-benzene 2026-04-07T22:23:57.656416987Z Halogenation of benzene Let's solve a few problems to understand how the formation of halo-benzenes occurs. Aanchal Arora exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/grade-12-chemistry-snc-aligned/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:hydrocarbons/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:reaction-mechanisms-of-aromatic-hydrocarbons-electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-and-related-reactions/e/nitration-and-sulphonation-of-benzene 2026-04-07T23:17:37.123726494Z Nitration and Sulphonation of Benzene. Now that we have understood the basics of EAS mechanism, let's dive deeper and solve a few problems to understand what actually happens during the formation of nitrobenzene and benzene sulphonic acid. Aanchal Arora exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/grade-12-chemistry-snc-aligned/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:hydrocarbons/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:reaction-mechanisms-of-aromatic-hydrocarbons-electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-and-related-reactions/e/friedel-craft-alkylation-reactions-of-benzene-intermediate 2026-04-08T00:54:09.631945657Z Friedel-Crafts Alkylation reactions of benzene (INTERMEDIATE) Now that we know the basics of FC alkylation reactions, let's take a step further and understand why do we sometimes get unexpected products as major products. Aanchal Arora exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/grade-12-chemistry-snc-aligned/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:hydrocarbons/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:reaction-mechanisms-of-aromatic-hydrocarbons-electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-and-related-reactions/e/friedel-crafts-reactions-on-benzene 2026-04-08T00:16:02.937952483Z Friedel-Crafts Reactions on Benzene Let's solve a few problems to understand deeply how to form Alkyl benzene and ketones from benzene. Aanchal Arora exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/grade-12-chemistry-snc-aligned/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:hydrocarbons/x7a43e770fc9e15cf:reaction-mechanisms-of-aromatic-hydrocarbons-electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-and-related-reactions/e/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-reactions-of-substituted-benzene 2026-04-08T00:36:09.500768563Z Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions of substituted benzene After going through the various EAS reactions of benzene, the next step is to understand what happens if the benzene ring has a group attached to it. Let's dig in! Aanchal Arora exercise