https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ms-biology/x0c5bb03129646fd6:inheritance-and-variation/x0c5bb03129646fd6:genes-proteins-and-traits/v/genes-proteins-and-traits 2024-05-09T17:42:08.599818576Z Genes, proteins, and traits Genes are specific stretches of nucleotides on a DNA molecule. Genes encode proteins, which are made up of amino acids. The order of nucleotides in a gene determines the order of amino acids in a protein. A protein’s amino acids determine its 3D shape and its functions in the cell, which, in turn, affect an organism’s traits. Khan Academy video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/13c2afcc-cd5f-45ff-90f2-08e3c4600c8f_1280_720_base.png Genes, proteins, and traits Genes are specific stretches of nucleotides on a DNA molecule. Genes encode proteins, which are made up of amino acids. The order of nucleotides in a gene determines the order of amino acids in a protein. A protein’s amino acids determine its 3D shape and its functions in the cell, which, in turn, affect an organism’s traits. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tfZfLDRu39c.mp4/tfZfLDRu39c.mp4 293 Mendelian genetics and inheritance laws https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ms-biology/x0c5bb03129646fd6:inheritance-and-variation/x0c5bb03129646fd6:genes-proteins-and-traits/e/understand-genes-proteins-and-traits 2025-07-01T21:05:20.470958635Z Understand: genes, proteins, and traits Check your understanding of genes, proteins, and traits in this set of free, standards-aligned practice questions. Khan Academy exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ms-biology/x0c5bb03129646fd6:inheritance-and-variation/x0c5bb03129646fd6:genes-proteins-and-traits/a/genes-proteins-and-traits-ms 2026-02-27T17:50:36.702607024Z Genes, proteins, and traits Learn about how genes encode proteins, which in turn affect an organism's traits. article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/mendelian-genetics-ap/v/alleles-and-genes 2024-05-06T19:22:43.24334365Z Alleles and genes Genes and alleles are key players in heredity. Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific proteins or functional RNA. Alleles, on the other hand, are different versions of the same gene. They can lead to variations in traits like eye color. Understanding these differences is crucial to studying inheritance patterns. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/atnlb_82AH8iycsnXpe6IzctbMGY4Z5t7EI_4JQp6wTkWpE565kanLxyJ6GN41UFrIxwvHLdu473BzkK548_KwO4 Alleles and genes Genes and alleles are key players in heredity. Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific proteins or functional RNA. Alleles, on the other hand, are different versions of the same gene. They can lead to variations in traits like eye color. Understanding these differences is crucial to studying inheritance patterns. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/P0nMnPPdW_k.mp4/P0nMnPPdW_k.mp4 498 Mendelian genetics and inheritance laws https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-10-biology/in-in-heredity-and-evolution/in-in-heredity-mendels-experiment/e/hs-introduction-to-heredity 2026-04-02T04:18:15.637466676Z Introduction to heredity Test your knowledge on the basics of heredity! Ashley exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-10-biology/in-in-heredity-and-evolution/in-in-heredity-mendels-experiment/a/hs-introduction-to-heredity-review 2021-04-29T08:01:21Z Introduction to heredity review article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/meiosis-and-genetic-diversity/v/fertilization-haploid-diploid-gamete-zygote-homologous 2023-06-22T09:32:02.370557018Z Fertilization terminology: gametes, zygotes, haploid, diploid Sperm and egg cells, known as gametes, fuse during fertilization to create a zygote. Gametes have half the chromosomes (haploid) of a typical body cell, while zygotes have the full set (diploid). Homologous chromosomes from each parent determine traits, including sex. Understanding haploid and diploid numbers is essential in studying cell division and genetics. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/_B-0JAgVd28pAi9-Az9SL_hzmtoTyLkIoWL7JB58chL1G4YDCF0I3Ph_BY067hId_WUI_FwDLT0QbWSfM2-E8dgI Fertilization terminology: gametes, zygotes, haploid, diploid Sperm and egg cells, known as gametes, fuse during fertilization to create a zygote. Gametes have half the chromosomes (haploid) of a typical body cell, while zygotes have the full set (diploid). Homologous chromosomes from each parent determine traits, including sex. Understanding haploid and diploid numbers is essential in studying cell division and genetics. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dNp7vErqlaA.mp4/dNp7vErqlaA.mp4 627 Mendelian genetics and inheritance laws https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ms-biology/x0c5bb03129646fd6:inheritance-and-variation/x0c5bb03129646fd6:reproduction-and-genetic-variation/v/genetics-vocabulary 2022-10-19T00:04:19.365252683Z Genetics vocabulary Learn about the terms allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, heterozygous, and homozygous. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/e65a6c41-df6d-4bd1-9c24-eac69baee425_1280_720_base.png Genetics vocabulary Learn about the terms allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, heterozygous, and homozygous. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kvwK63Mwhw0.mp4/kvwK63Mwhw0.mp4 348 Mendelian genetics and inheritance laws https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/mendelian-genetics-ap/v/pedigrees 2023-06-28T10:25:59.601084121Z Pedigrees Pedigrees are a useful method to model the inheritance patterns of traits within families. By using symbols and analyzing phenotypes, we can infer genotypes and understand the role of autosomal dominant traits. The trait of freckles serves as a practical example here and shows the complex world of genetic inheritance patterns. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/Afo7Cb0lkI0fz6vVEK7wnX7SeI_wP8CfxydkzCAud4aSCxNys39TjC_JTecAWBbEQomCQ_YaC0o9CKAZq0SVnffj Pedigrees Pedigrees are a useful method to model the inheritance patterns of traits within families. By using symbols and analyzing phenotypes, we can infer genotypes and understand the role of autosomal dominant traits. The trait of freckles serves as a practical example here and shows the complex world of genetic inheritance patterns. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/11s5Biyi9q4.mp4/11s5Biyi9q4.mp4 368 Mendelian genetics and inheritance laws https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/mendelian-genetics-ap/e/mendelian-genetics-exercise 2023-09-18T04:47:02.457024108Z Mendelian genetics Test your knowledge of Mendelian genetics! Haider Ali Bhatti exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/mendelian-genetics-ap/a/mendel-and-his-peas 2024-06-28T21:00:15.59562973Z Mendel and his peas Learn about how Austrian monk Gregor Mendel laid the foundations of genetics. article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-10-biology/in-in-heredity-and-evolution/in-in-heredity-mendels-experiment/e/in-in-herdity-and-variation 2026-03-05T08:50:45.400692349Z Mendel's Experiments This exercise provides practice for introductory concepts of Mendelian genetics for CBSE students. saiyem exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/mendelian-genetics-ap/a/the-law-of-segregation 2024-06-28T21:00:15.59562973Z The law of segregation Learn about the law of segregation, the terms genotype, phenotype, alleles, heterozygous, and homozygous, and how to solve 2 x 2 Punnett squares. article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/shs-biology-2/x2ea931c66bba6acd:3rd-quarter/x2ea931c66bba6acd:lesson-1-genetics/e/hs-punnett-squares 2023-05-19T13:48:00.997234898Z Punnett squares and probability Test your skills using Punnett squares to determine probability! Ashley exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/mendelian-genetics-ap/a/the-law-of-independent-assortment 2024-06-28T21:00:15.59562973Z The law of independent assortment Learn about the law of independent assortment, dihybrid crosses, and how to solve 4 x 4 Punnett squares. article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/shs-biology-2/x2ea931c66bba6acd:3rd-quarter/x2ea931c66bba6acd:lesson-1-genetics/e/punnett-squares 2023-05-19T13:48:00.997234898Z Monohybrid punnett squares Test your knowledge of punnett squares! Ashley exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/shs-biology-2/x2ea931c66bba6acd:3rd-quarter/x2ea931c66bba6acd:lesson-1-genetics/e/dihybrid-punnett-squares 2023-05-19T13:48:00.997234898Z Dihybrid punnett squares Test your knowledge of dihybrid punnett squares! Ashley exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-bio/x230b3ff252126bb6:inheritance-and-variation-of-traits/x230b3ff252126bb6:mendelian-genetics/v/dihybrid-cross-and-the-law-of-independent-assortment 2024-06-28T21:00:15.59562973Z Dihybrid cross and the law of independent assortment The probabilities of different offspring genotypes and phenotypes can be determined using a Punnett square. A dihybrid cross results in a roughly 9:3:3:1 ratio of offspring phenotypes. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/9a837eb7-e3ee-4758-94a1-3ae480cf24ec_1280_720_base.png Dihybrid cross and the law of independent assortment The probabilities of different offspring genotypes and phenotypes can be determined using a Punnett square. A dihybrid cross results in a roughly 9:3:3:1 ratio of offspring phenotypes. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZkyX3TmmMag.mp4/ZkyX3TmmMag.mp4 548 Mendelian genetics and inheritance laws https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-bio/x230b3ff252126bb6:inheritance-and-variation-of-traits/x230b3ff252126bb6:mendelian-genetics/e/apply-mendelian-genetics 2026-04-02T04:18:15.637466676Z Apply: Mendelian genetics Apply your understanding of Mendelian genetics in this set of free, standards-aligned practice questions. Megan Cohn exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/grade-11-biology-snc-aligned/x58c107ba92d3f0b2:domain-h-reproduction-and-inheritance/x58c107ba92d3f0b2:mendelian-genetics-and-inheritance-laws/v/genetic-recombination-1 2022-11-16T04:22:43.7414897Z Genetic recombination Genetic recombination is a process that occurs during meiosis, which is the type of cell division that produces gametes. During this process, homologous chromosomes pair up and form a unit called a tetrad. The chromosomes can then cross over and exchange genetic material, which results in new combinations of alleles. This process is important because it increases genetic variability, which can be beneficial for a species. Efrat Bruck video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/WZRJvlM7tQVrcLaEMmKX7njgSnbCqK6GmpQhHC48KRmiQicEpOgAqA-SHz1_t_cMsdY0_AxAGPcgsgZ_712mATA Genetic recombination Genetic recombination is a process that occurs during meiosis, which is the type of cell division that produces gametes. During this process, homologous chromosomes pair up and form a unit called a tetrad. The chromosomes can then cross over and exchange genetic material, which results in new combinations of alleles. This process is important because it increases genetic variability, which can be beneficial for a species. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BlnUNmfGn7I.mp4/BlnUNmfGn7I.mp4 372 Mendelian genetics and inheritance laws https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/meiosis-and-genetic-diversity/v/chromosomal-crossover-in-meiosis-i 2023-09-14T11:22:40.102153098Z Chromosomal crossover in meiosis I Meiosis is a process where germ cells divide to produce gametes, such as sperm and egg cells. In prophase I of meiosis, chromosomes condense and homologous recombination takes place, leading to genetic variation through chromosomal crossover. This forms a tetrad, which is made up of four chromatids (two sister chromatids per chromosome). Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/psK-SXXmGmEgFbcsXqGFcFzxeISQE5UOch7140SY4rw72J2577ffgYYSg_za8sG3AT9Sm10Tgk-6selPwL2w9YIh Chromosomal crossover in meiosis I Meiosis is a process where germ cells divide to produce gametes, such as sperm and egg cells. In prophase I of meiosis, chromosomes condense and homologous recombination takes place, leading to genetic variation through chromosomal crossover. This forms a tetrad, which is made up of four chromatids (two sister chromatids per chromosome). https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/04gQ0bQu6xk.mp4/04gQ0bQu6xk.mp4 736 Mendelian genetics and inheritance laws https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/non-mendelian-genetics/a/variations-on-mendels-laws-overview 2021-04-29T07:58:20Z Variations on Mendel's laws (overview) Extensions, exceptions, and revisions to these laws. Get an overview of variations on Mendel's laws, including multiple alleles, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, pleiotropy, lethal alleles, sex linkage, genetic interactions, polygenic traits, and environmental effects. article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/mendelian-genetics-ap/a/probabilities-in-genetics 2024-06-28T21:00:15.59562973Z Probabilities in genetics Learn about the sum rule and product rule, and how to apply these rules to solve genetics problems involving multiple genes. article