https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:kinetics/x2eef969c74e0d802:activation-energy-and-reaction-rate/v/collision-theory-and-the-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution 2022-10-05T02:43:18.611402953Z Collision theory and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution Collision theory states that in order for a reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide with enough kinetic energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. A Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution shows the distribution of particle energies at a given temperature and allows for a qualitative estimation of the fraction of particles with sufficient energy to react at that temperature. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/b2325174-2fd3-4037-9ff8-57ffb46396f3_1280_720_base.png Collision theory and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution Collision theory states that in order for a reaction to occur, reactant particles must collide with enough kinetic energy to overcome the activation energy barrier. A Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution shows the distribution of particle energies at a given temperature and allows for a qualitative estimation of the fraction of particles with sufficient energy to react at that temperature. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/L7R1HjA8BQ4.mp4/L7R1HjA8BQ4.mp4 448 Rate of reaction https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:intermolecular-forces-and-properties/x2eef969c74e0d802:kinetic-molecular-theory/v/maxwell-boltzmann-distribution 2021-06-24T11:08:07Z The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution describes the distribution of speeds among the particles in a sample of gas at a given temperature. The distribution is often represented graphically, with particle speed on the x-axis and relative number of particles on the y-axis. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/FAV1E2BGU46xouRYJUFhHAh86UAHV6gpj1jbf-ZT7gT4nqP1YVKAnV3hk06OCSbUPSEOgnDTzVtH3AmYtfdS9EYY The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution describes the distribution of speeds among the particles in a sample of gas at a given temperature. The distribution is often represented graphically, with particle speed on the x-axis and relative number of particles on the y-axis. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xQ9D4Jz95-A.mp4/xQ9D4Jz95-A.mp4 570 Rate of reaction https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-chemistry/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates-and-equilibrium/x2613d8165d88df5e:catalysts/v/catalysts_hs 2023-12-15T18:39:28.793791463Z Catalysts Catalysts are chemicals that help chemical reactions proceed faster rate. But the catalyst itself is not consumed in the reaction. There are a variety of ways that a catalyst causes the rate to increase. In all cases, the catalyst speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy. An enzyme is a substance produced by a living organism that acts a catalyst in biochemical reactions. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/52dfa5ef-31a8-4736-b81d-d9b89eef6e23_1280_720_base.png Catalysts Catalysts are chemicals that help chemical reactions proceed faster rate. But the catalyst itself is not consumed in the reaction. There are a variety of ways that a catalyst causes the rate to increase. In all cases, the catalyst speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy. An enzyme is a substance produced by a living organism that acts a catalyst in biochemical reactions. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8TuPmpNfoX8.mp4/8TuPmpNfoX8.mp4 303 Rate of reaction https://www.khanacademy.org/science/cambridge-o-level-chemistry-cie/x8bc8fb44369617ed:chemical-reactions/x8bc8fb44369617ed:rate-of-reaction/v/enzymes-and-activation-energy 2023-08-11T20:27:11.407186761Z Enzymes and activation energy Uncover how enzymes accelerate biochemical reactions by reducing activation energy. Learn about catalytic strategies such as acid/base and covalent catalysis, and grasp the concept of transition states. Understand that enzymes modify the reaction pathway, but don't alter the reactants, products, or get used up in the process. By Ross Firestone. Ross Firestone video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/jfG2BZ6Un2ErjxzdOFgvGAoolEBgST7s7v_A02qpZ107LIjwi3hDDfar8uPX6sqi9LHsT06hRLiMZ9uub2ccp3HunA Enzymes and activation energy Uncover how enzymes accelerate biochemical reactions by reducing activation energy. Learn about catalytic strategies such as acid/base and covalent catalysis, and grasp the concept of transition states. Understand that enzymes modify the reaction pathway, but don't alter the reactants, products, or get used up in the process. By Ross Firestone. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/j00Ep0Byu0Y.mp4/j00Ep0Byu0Y.mp4 332 Rate of reaction https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:kinetics/x2eef969c74e0d802:catalysis/v/catalysts 2021-01-30T09:09:58Z Catalysts A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction. A catalyst works by providing a different pathway for the reaction, one that has a lower activation energy than the uncatalyzed pathway. This lower activation energy means that a larger fraction of collisions are successful at a given temperature, leading to an increased reaction rate. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/c8S4ZI4SSEdwd-pHMlE2cqXhqaZDYTbL63DCxb2K3mvTIlpDbr3CAoROYi3FCFJqKACnDJJ0s91vi2-DxyK6YaU Catalysts A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction. A catalyst works by providing a different pathway for the reaction, one that has a lower activation energy than the uncatalyzed pathway. This lower activation energy means that a larger fraction of collisions are successful at a given temperature, leading to an increased reaction rate. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/if5JGssffm8.mp4/if5JGssffm8.mp4 450 Rate of reaction https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-chemistry/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates-and-equilibrium/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates/v/factors-affecting-reaction-rates 2022-10-05T02:43:18.611402953Z Factors affecting reaction rates The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by many different factors, including reactant concentration, surface area, temperature, and catalysts. In general, increasing the concentration of a reactant in solution, increasing the surface area of a solid reactant, and increasing the temperature of the reaction system will all increase the rate of a reaction. A reaction can also be sped up by adding a catalyst to the reaction mixture. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/b2fb2453-05c7-482e-98ee-0bb9abf02353_1280_720_base.png Factors affecting reaction rates The rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by many different factors, including reactant concentration, surface area, temperature, and catalysts. In general, increasing the concentration of a reactant in solution, increasing the surface area of a solid reactant, and increasing the temperature of the reaction system will all increase the rate of a reaction. A reaction can also be sped up by adding a catalyst to the reaction mixture. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CoNHV7786Hg.mp4/CoNHV7786Hg.mp4 329 Rate of reaction https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:kinetics/x2eef969c74e0d802:reaction-rates/v/rate-of-reaction 2021-01-30T09:10:01Z Introduction to reaction rates The rate of a chemical reaction is defined as the rate of change in concentration of a reactant or product divided by its coefficient from the balanced equation. A negative sign is used with rates of change of reactants and a positive sign with those of products, ensuring that the reaction rate is always a positive quantity. In most cases, concentration is measured in moles per liter and time in seconds, resulting in units of M/s for the reaction rate. Jay video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/cpSAiTKbHANKHeK8VXNbBhHsnmUEUQcPx7y9Bs_45FuGkktvAfGRpuqre4MErFJGvMJVWmKF9fwHow0hA6sF7NJ0 Introduction to reaction rates The rate of a chemical reaction is defined as the rate of change in concentration of a reactant or product divided by its coefficient from the balanced equation. A negative sign is used with rates of change of reactants and a positive sign with those of products, ensuring that the reaction rate is always a positive quantity. In most cases, concentration is measured in moles per liter and time in seconds, resulting in units of M/s for the reaction rate. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8wIodo1HD4Y.mp4/8wIodo1HD4Y.mp4 554 Rate of reaction https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/introduction-to-enzymes/v/introduction-to-kinetics 2024-02-03T14:54:13.458936091Z Introduction to kinetics Kinetics is the study of reaction rates and how they are affected. Many factors, such as concentration, pressure, temperature, and enzyme activity, can impact the rate of a reaction. For example, a molecule's kinetic energy is directly proportional to its temperature, so increasing the temperature will result in an increase in reaction rate. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/DuVcx4Fhk9hZy4HgCu0TSi5H29WWYfUhgmiOjK7jw7-cUcQ-t9fg7_mJAw_3iTrwIMMoUa6PxaPkCwFFDbLyKScY Introduction to kinetics Kinetics is the study of reaction rates and how they are affected. Many factors, such as concentration, pressure, temperature, and enzyme activity, can impact the rate of a reaction. For example, a molecule's kinetic energy is directly proportional to its temperature, so increasing the temperature will result in an increase in reaction rate. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/__zy-oOLPug.mp4/__zy-oOLPug.mp4 927 Rate of reaction https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-chemistry/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates-and-equilibrium/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates/e/understand-collision-theory 2026-04-29T07:20:45.495372596Z Understand: Collision theory Check your understanding of collision theory in this set of free practice questions. Allen Ruch exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-chemistry/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates-and-equilibrium/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates/e/understand-factors-affecting-reaction-rates 2026-04-28T03:50:32.704831424Z Understand: Factors affecting reaction rates Check your understanding of factors affecting reaction rates in this set of free practice questions. Allen Ruch exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-chemistry/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates-and-equilibrium/x2613d8165d88df5e:catalysts/e/understand-catalysts 2026-04-28T11:00:37.315336883Z Understand: Catalysts Check your understanding of equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s principle in this set of free practice questions. Allen Ruch exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-chemistry/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates-and-equilibrium/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates/e/apply-factors-affecting-reaction-rates 2026-04-29T07:20:45.495372596Z Apply: Factors affecting reaction rates Apply your understanding of factors affecting reaction rates in this set of free practice questions. Allen Ruch exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/cambridge-o-level-chemistry-cie/x8bc8fb44369617ed:chemical-reactions/x8bc8fb44369617ed:rate-of-reaction/a/types-of-catalysts 2021-04-29T08:01:58Z Types of catalysts What is a catalyst? Includes examples of enzymes, acid-base catalysis, and heterogeneous (or surface) catalysis.  article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/environmental-impacts-on-enzyme-function/a/hs-enzymes-review 2021-04-29T07:56:24Z Enzymes review article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/hs-chemistry/x2613d8165d88df5e:reaction-rates-and-equilibrium/x2613d8165d88df5e:activity-why-does-food-in-a-refrigerator-stay-fresh-for-longer/a/activity-why-does-food-in-a-refrigerator-stay-fresh-for-longer 2026-01-14T23:20:41.344464701Z Activity: Why does food in a refrigerator stay fresh for longer? Make science come alive in your classroom with this free hands-on activity aligned to high school standards. article