https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/mutations-ap/v/an-introduction-to-genetic-mutations 2023-06-22T09:32:02.370557018Z An introduction to genetic mutations Genetic mutations originate at the DNA level, affecting protein synthesis. Mutations can be inherited from parents or occur spontaneously due to factors like replication errors or environmental influences. Sickle-cell disease exemplifies how a single amino acid change can impact protein function, leading to health complications. Ross Firestone video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/GhAXcDMBCN8n274CPkYeoNSrlJopiu61uyDdt3VywdUQGF852hdydzd3GwFHVzXAUhEKj5bnNoXTArtFcEqlnmuN An introduction to genetic mutations Genetic mutations originate at the DNA level, affecting protein synthesis. Mutations can be inherited from parents or occur spontaneously due to factors like replication errors or environmental influences. Sickle-cell disease exemplifies how a single amino acid change can impact protein function, leading to health complications. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/g02RnGXCXrQ.mp4/g02RnGXCXrQ.mp4 324 Sex determination and mutation https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ms-biology/x0c5bb03129646fd6:inheritance-and-variation/x0c5bb03129646fd6:mutations/v/mutations 2022-09-10T03:04:58.582913383Z Mutations Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. Some changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the organism. Sal Khan video https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka_thumbnails_cache/dcbba93c-f3ef-4c61-bf4b-ace23377cc44_1280_720_base.png Mutations Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. Some changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the organism. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_9wnC5pta78.mp4/_9wnC5pta78.mp4 181 Sex determination and mutation https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/mutations-ap/v/mutagens-and-carcinogens 2023-05-30T20:02:27.999489372Z Mutagens and carcinogens Mutagens and carcinogens can cause DNA damage, affecting protein production. Mutagens, either endogenous or exogenous, increase genetic mutation probability. Endogenous mutagens, like reactive oxygen species (ROS), are produced by the body. Exogenous mutagens include intercalators and base analogs. Carcinogens lead to cancer, and while some are mutagenic, not all are. Examples include tobacco, asbestos, and UV radiation. Ross Firestone video https://cdn.kastatic.org/googleusercontent/nosyvQND9TRLy8G35DTDol8-fkuwzmmi5iffwGiClT2TgZTOecbnmlcpGBSqxzKFZ39GTMCII9U-k9si0O45dFE Mutagens and carcinogens Mutagens and carcinogens can cause DNA damage, affecting protein production. Mutagens, either endogenous or exogenous, increase genetic mutation probability. Endogenous mutagens, like reactive oxygen species (ROS), are produced by the body. Exogenous mutagens include intercalators and base analogs. Carcinogens lead to cancer, and while some are mutagenic, not all are. Examples include tobacco, asbestos, and UV radiation. https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4mrp5uI9anE.mp4/4mrp5uI9anE.mp4 337 Sex determination and mutation https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ms-biology/x0c5bb03129646fd6:inheritance-and-variation/x0c5bb03129646fd6:mutations/a/mutations 2024-06-28T21:00:15.59562973Z Mutations Learn about beneficial, neutral, and harmful genetic mutations. article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/non-mendelian-genetics/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation 2024-06-28T21:00:15.59562973Z X-linked inheritance Learn about the chromosomal basis of sex determination, X and Y chromosomes, and X-linkage. article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/neurodevelopmental-disorders/a/what-is-down-syndrome 2021-04-29T08:03:34Z What is Down syndrome? article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/heredity/chromosomal-inheritance-ap/a/aneuploidy-and-chromosomal-rearrangements 2025-11-24T21:00:40.80360556Z Aneuploidy & chromosomal rearrangements Aneuploidy and nondisjunction. Down syndrome and related disorders. Chromosomal rearrangements. article https://www.khanacademy.org/science/cambridge-o-level-biology-cie/x2a084a90105205d2:inheritance/x2a084a90105205d2:sex-determination-and-mutation/e/in-in-sex-determination 2026-03-06T17:50:38.494926415Z Sex Determination in humans This exercise provides practice for principles of sex determination in humans. saiyem exercise https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ms-biology/x0c5bb03129646fd6:inheritance-and-variation/x0c5bb03129646fd6:mutations/e/apply-mutations 2026-02-27T20:00:43.673916617Z Apply: mutations Apply your understanding of mutations in this set of free practice questions aligned to NGSS standards. Khan Academy exercise