# Mach numbers

Video transcript
You've probably heard that the top speed of some type of aircraft is Mach 2. Or maybe you've watched some type of science fiction movie, or some type of fighter movie, where they say, hey we are going to travel at Mach 1.8. And you had a sense, because they're using it in the same context that you would use as speed, that this is some type of speed. That these numbers represent some type of speed. And if you assume that, you were right. And the speeds they represent are actually a multiple, or depending on how you want to view it, multiples or fractions of the speed of sound in that medium. So if someone tells you that the Mach number is 2, what that tells you is that they are traveling two times the speed of sound, in that medium, for those conditions. And I make those last two qualifiers on it because the speed of sound is not always the same. It has a different speed depending on whether it's traveling in air, or water, or even depending on what makes up the air. And even if it is only traveling in a certain type of air, or a certain makeup, a mix of gases, it'll also change depending on the temperature. So if you're at sea level, at roughly about 20 degrees Celsius, the speed of sound is 300, so sea level-- do a different color, maybe blue for sea level-- so if you're at sea level, the speed of sound is about 340 meters per second. This is at 20 degrees Celsius, so it's a nice comfortable temperature at sea level, which is roughly about 760 miles per hour. Now if the temperature were to drop, so if temperature goes down, so does the speed of sound. And likewise, if the temperature goes up, the speed of sound goes up. So when someone tells you that something is traveling at Mach 2, they're saying its traveling at two times the speed of sound for that medium. Usually they're talking about something traveling through air. And for the speed of sound at the temperature that they're going through. So if they're at some super-high altitude, and normally to travel at these types of speeds, you have to be at a fairly high altitude where the air is less dense. You're also traveling in an environment where the temperature is significantly lower than 20 degrees Celsius. So you might say, hey, does that mean if someone's traveling at Mach 2, does that mean that they're definitely traveling at 680 meters per second, or at 1520 miles per hour? And of course, whenever someone gives an air speed, it's relative to the air. And the answer is no. They're probably going to be traveling a little bit slower than that, because at the altitude that they're traveling the speed of sound is lower. Now there are ground speed records where they are traveling in kind of the Mach range where their velocities are high enough to say it in terms of Mach. And for those types of situations, they are traveling at multiples of 760 miles per hour, 340 meters per second. Now you're probably saying, hey, who is this person right here that I've cut and pasted from Wikipedia? And this Ernst Mach. And this is who the Mach number is named after. Ernst Mach, and he was this Austrian physicist and philosopher. He did a ton of research on shockwaves and soundwaves, and whatnot. So the Mach number is named after him.