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More on Newton's third law

Newton's third law states that objects exert equal and opposite forces on each other in every interaction. However, these forces do not cancel out because they act on two different objects. The magnitudes of the forces on both objects will be always be equal, but their resulting accelerations will not be equal if the objects have different masses. Created by David SantoPietro.

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  • blobby green style avatar for user Ryujin Jakka
    Why is the force instantaneous? Why does the wall not generate constant force, even without Chuck Norris drop kicking it? It seems to me that there is more going on than just the wall exerting a force... why is it ONLY exerting this force at the instant when Chuck Norris comes into contact with it? Also... why does the wall break? Thanks
    (6 votes)
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    • leaf orange style avatar for user Carlos Sousa
      You have to think that everything moves, even if the movement is too small for you to notice.
      In the example of the earth-moon interaction, the wrong common perception is that the earth is stationary while the moon goes around the earth. The moon in fact exerts the same amount of force in the earth, but because the earth is so massive (the mass of the earth is 81 times greater than the moon), the wobbling motion in the earth caused by the moon is very very small (however you can observe the effect force of the moon in the ocean's tides - but this is besides the point)
      In the example of the wall, when no force is being applied, the wall is completely straight. When you kick it, the wall actually bends (although this movement is so very small you will only notice it if you use precision instruments). The cause of the wall bending is the force of the kick, and the reaction is the force by the materials being bent, or deformed - pretty much like the force when you push a spring (you cause the spring to deform by pushing it and the materials are struggling to get back to their natural position).
      The wall breaks when the material can no longer withstand the deformation you are causing - you went beyond the maximum deformation of the material. The maximum deformation depends of the molecular structure of the material.
      (53 votes)
  • male robot hal style avatar for user Soroush
    Hi, I didn't understand one thing. Imagine we exert 10^5 newtons on a soft object by kicking it. For example a tissue or a paper. If we kick a wall or a hard object, our foot will break. But when we kick a paper as much as hard, we don't even feel any pain. Why is that? I mean paper isn't even able to exert 10^5 newtons!
    (Excuse my awful grammar)
    (10 votes)
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    • piceratops tree style avatar for user Cameron Keys
      My teacher explained this today through the lens of the second law, he said that the reason that a fly does not destroy our cars when hitting them at such high speeds is because of the relative differences in mass

      ie using the Fnet=(m)(a) equation:

      the acceleration value hitting the fly (0.000012 kg) may be 45000 m/s^2 (creating a liquid smear of the little guy) this mass and acceleration indicates a force of 0.54 N

      This same 0.54 N for a 2000 kg car is only 0.00027 m/s^2. Almost entirely unnoticeable for the car
      (22 votes)
  • duskpin ultimate style avatar for user GOD 007
    if everything applies equal and opposite force to every force then how come we are able to break stuff??
    (7 votes)
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    • male robot hal style avatar for user Charles LaCour
      The structural strength of an object is unrelated to Newton's third law. If you have a stationary piece of Styrofoam and you push on it it will push back with as much force as you push on it until you reach its breaking point and then it will break. Once it is broken it will not be pushing back and you won't be pushing on on it.
      (9 votes)
  • stelly yellow style avatar for user noni pinto
    i cannot understand. i think i do and then it just vanishes. what does this all mean?
    (6 votes)
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  • marcimus orange style avatar for user S Chung
    I got a bit confused around .

    When David said that the upwards force is greater than the downward force, what exactly is the upward force? Also, is there a presence of a net force hence the upward acceleration?

    Thanks in advance! :)
    (3 votes)
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    • male robot hal style avatar for user james
      Ultimately the upward force is provided by the motor pulling the rope attached to the elevator, and it's gonna cause the normal force exerted on the box by floor to increase. This extra force coming from motor provides a "net force" upward causing the upward acceleration

      When the motor pulls the rope with a certain force and accelerates it upwards, the atoms in the rope will begin to pull each other upwards (with speed of sound) thanks to electrostatic bonds between the molecules of the rope. If these intermolecular bonds are strong enough, rope won't break and it will transmit the motor's force to the material of the elevator, and from there the force will be transmitted all the way to the floor under the box. The floor will begin to push the box upwards with this extra force coming from the motor, as a result the normal force on the box will increase and overcome the weight of the box.

      This extra pressure from increased normal force is the reason we feel heavier when the elevator accelerates upwards. İncreased force will put more pressure under your feet and you will feel that as becoming heavier.

      When you're free falling in the air there is nothing under your feet that would cause the pressure provided by the normal force; that's the reason you feel weightless when free-falling and also the reason you feel less heavy in a downward accelerating elevator where the floor is "escaping" from under your feet in the moment of acceleration.
      (7 votes)
  • piceratops tree style avatar for user Christian Denis
    At , I don't understand what is the green force. What is that force? Where does it come from? Does it mean that the box is pulling the earth with somekind of gravitationnal field? Thanks
    (5 votes)
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  • blobby green style avatar for user justin
    I have a question that I hope someone can clarify. is there a force from an object even if said object is not moving?
    (4 votes)
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  • aqualine ultimate style avatar for user Péter Szabó
    In the elevator example: what if I were to accelerate downwards the elevator, would F(AT) became negative and therefore F(TA) positive? And what does it mean when F(TA) is positive? Object A is pulling upwards the table like they were glued together?
    (3 votes)
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    • hopper cool style avatar for user ChrisRennick56
      If the elevator accelerates downward (and slowly increases the acceleration over time) then the force on the table gets smaller until the downward acceleration of the elevator has the same magnitude as the acceleration due to gravity. At that point the force exerted on the table is zero and the box (and everything inside the elevator) is in "free-fall." The passengers might stop screaming for a while and enjoy a few moments of weightlessness. If the downward acceleration increases further then the free falling box is now accelerating down less fast than the elevator and this continues until the box hits the elevator's ceiling. At that point the ceiling is pushing down on the box and the box is then pushing back on the ceiling.
      (5 votes)
  • piceratops seed style avatar for user toukaandkaneki12347890
    Do all sources of energy come about from other existing forces? If so, then if an object smashes on another object then the equal and opposite force on the initial object will be dependent on the force of the initial object. Then, how can we say the counteracting force is instantaneous if it is dependent on another force to be created. Wouldn't it take time for a force to be created?
    (2 votes)
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    • male robot hal style avatar for user Andrew M
      Touch your fingers together. Is it possible for right finger to touch left finger without left finger touching right finger? No, right? Is it possible to say which one did the touching first? No, right? When right finger touched left finger, left finger touched right finger. It's the same touch, just viewed from two different perspectives.
      (5 votes)
  • starky ultimate style avatar for user Swara Patil
    So if I were to, lets say walking on a cliff and I started walking off of it, I would be applying a force on the air right? So according to the third law, the air should be exerting an equal force on me so shouldn't I be able to float or levitate? Sorry if this is a stupid question, maybe I'm just missing something.
    (2 votes)
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    • male robot hal style avatar for user Charles LaCour
      Air is a fluid so the atoms/molecules are not tightly connected to each other so while your foot does apply a force on the air but the amount of force is very small and causes the atoms/molecules to move out of the way.

      The mass of air is about 0.001225 g per cubic centimeter so it doesn't take much force to move it.

      While there is an equal and opposite force from air on your foot is is so small in comparison to your weight that it can be ignored.
      (3 votes)

Video transcript

- [Voiceover] We should talk a little more about Newtons's Third Law, because there are some deep misconceptions that many people have about this law. It seems simple, but it's not nearly as simple as you might think. So people often phrase it as, for every action there's an equal and opposite reaction. But that's just way too vague to be useful. So a version that's a little better, says that for every force, there's an equal and opposite force. So this is a little better. The equal sign means that these forces are equal in magnitude. And this negative sign means they're just different by the direction of the vector. So these are vectors, so this says that this pink vector F, has the opposite direction, but equal in magnitude to this green vector F. But to show you why this is still a little bit too vague, consider this, if this is all you knew about Newtons's Third Law, that for every force, there's an equal and opposite force, you might wonder, if you were clever, you might be like, wait a minute, if for every force F, right, there's got to be a force that's equal and opposite. Well why doesn't that just mean that every force in the universe cancels? Shouldn't every force just cancel then, at that point? Doesn't that just mean that there's no acceleration that's even possible? Because if I go and exert a force F on something, if there's gonna be a force negative F, doesn't that mean that no matter what force I put forward, it's just gonna get cancelled? And the answer no, and the reason it's no is because these two forces are exerted on different objects. So you have to be careful. So the reason I say that this statement of Newtons's Third Law is still a little bit too vague, is because this is really on different objects. So if this is the force on object A, exerted by object B, then this force over here has to be the force on object B, exerted by object A. In other words, these forces down here are exerted on different objects. I'm gonna move this over to this side. I'm gonna move this over to here. Let's draw two different objects to show explicitly what I mean. So if there was some object A, so I put some object A in here. Just wanna make sure there's an object A. Let's say this is object A, and it had this green force exerted on it, F. So this object right here is A. Well, there's gonna be another object, object B. We'll just make it another circle. So we'll make it look like this. So here's object B. And it's gonna have this pink force, F, negative F exerted on it. So I'm gonna call this object B. Now we're okay, now we know these forces can't cancel, and the reason these forces can't cancel, is cause they're on two different objects. But when you just say that Newtons's Third Law, is that every force has an equal and opposite force, it's not clear that it has to be on different objects. But it does have to be on different objects. So these Newtons force law pairs, often times is called force pairs, or Newton's third law partner forces, are always on different objects. So the convention I'm using is that the first letter represents the object that the force is on. So this A represents that this green force F this green force F, is on A and it's exerted by B. And this shows that it's exerted on B, because the first letter's on the first one, and it's exerted by the second object, A. So this pink force is exerted on B. This green force is exerted on A. They're equal and opposite, they do not cancel, they cannot cancel because they're not on the same object. So that's why these don't cancel. And they are the same magnitude, even if the two objects are not the same size. This is another misconception, if object A is a planet, a big planet. Or maybe a star, this is yellow, it looks like a star. Let's say this is some big star, and this is some smaller planet orbiting that star. This is not to scale, unless this planet was enormous. So this is some planet, but this planet could be hundreds, thousands of times, millions of times less massive than this star but it would still exert the same force. So if this star is pulling on the planet with this pink force negative F, then this planet has to be pulling on the star with this green force F and they have to have the same magnitude, even if they are different sizes. So people quote Newtons's Third Law, but sometimes they don't really believe it. If I told you this planet was a million times less massive than this star, people would want to say that well, then the star obviously pulls more on the planet, than the planet pulls on the star. But that's not true according to Newtons's Third Law. And Newtons's Third Law says that they have to be the same, even if they're different sizes. So if this was the earth and this was the moon, the earth pulls on the moon, just as much as the moon pulls on the earth. And you might still object, you might say, wait that makes no sense, I know the star just basically sits there and the planet gets whipped around in a circle. How come this planet's getting whipped around and the star's just staying put? That's because, just because the forces are equal, that doesn't mean that the result is equal. In other words, the forces could be equal, but the accelerations don't have to be equal. Acceleration is gonna be the net force divided by the mass. So even if the force is the same, you divide by that mass, you'll get a different acceleration and that's why the result of the force does not have to be the same, even though the forces do have to be the same, because of Newtons's Third Law. Another misconception people sometimes make, is they think there might be a delay in the creation of this Newtons's Third Law partner force. And people think, maybe if I exert this first force fast enough, I can catch the universe sleeping, and there might be some sort of delay in the creation of this other force. But that's not true, Newtons's Third Law is universal. No matter what the situation, no matter what the acceleration or non acceleration, or motion or no motion, whether one object is bigger or smaller, if their Newtons's Third Law partner forces, they are equal they are opposite and they are always equal and opposite, at every given moment in time. So even if I came in all guns a blazing, Chuck Norris style, trying to dropkick some wall. That does not look like the correct form for a drop kick. But even if I came in, flying at this wall, as soon as I start to make contact with the wall, I'm gonna exert a force on the wall, and the wall has to exert a force back. So I'd exert a force on the wall to the right. And this would be the force on the wall, by my foot. There'd have to be an equal and opposite force instantly transmitted backwards, on my foot. So this would be the force on my foot, by the wall. This happens instantaneously, there is no delay. You can't kick this wall fast enough, for this other force to not be generated instantaneously. As soon as your foot starts to exert any force on the wall what so ever, the wall is gonna start exerting that same force back on your foot. So Newtons's Third Law is universal, but people still have trouble identifying these third law partner forces. So one of the best ways to do it, is by listing both objects, as soon as you list both objects, well to figure out where the partner force is, you can just reverse these labels. So I know over here, if one of my forces is the force on the wall by my foot, to find the partner force to this force, I can just reverse the labels and say it's gotta be the force on my foot, by the wall, which I drew over here. So this is a great way to identify the third law partner forces, cause it's not always obvious what force is the partner force. So to show you how this can be tricky, consider this example. Say we got the ground and a table. So this example drives people crazy for some reason. If I've got a box sitting on a table, we'll call it box A. Box A is gonna have forces exerted on it. One of those forces is gonna be the gravitational force. So the force of gravity is gonna pull straight down on box A, and if I were to ask you, what force is the third law partner force to this force of gravity, I'm willing to bet a lot of people might say, well there's an upwards force on box A, exerted by the table. And that's true. And if this box A is just sitting here, not accelerating, these two forces are going to be equal and opposite. So it's even more tempting to say that these two forces are equal and opposite because of the third law, but that's not true. These two forces are equal and opposite because of the second law. The second law says if there's no acceleration, then the net force has to be zero, the forces have to cancel. And that's what's happening here. These forces are equal and opposite, they're canceling on box A. Which is a way to know that they are not third law partner forces, cause third law partner forces are always exerted on different objects. They can never cancel if they're third law partner forces. So what's going on over here? We've got two forces that are canceling, that are equal and opposite, but they're not third law partner forces, they're partner forces are somewhere else. I haven't drawn their partner forces yet. So let's try to figure out what they're partner forces are. So let's get rid of this, let's come back to here, let's slow it down to figure out what the partner force is, name the two objects interacting. So this force of gravity, I shouldn't be vague, I should call it the force on object A, our box A exerted by, well you can't just say gravity. Gravity is not an object. So the object that is exerting this gravitational force on A, is the earth. So this force really, this gravitational force, if I wanna be careful, is the force on object A exerted by the earth. Now it's easy to figure out where the partner force is. The partner force can be found just by reversing these labels. So instead of the force on A by the earth, there's gotta be an equal and opposite force, which is the force on the earth, by box A. So opposite means it has to point up. So it has to be an upward force. And that upward force has to be exerted on the earth, by box A, and this is kind of weird, because you may not have realized it, but if the earth is pulling down on a box, or you, that means you are pulling up on the earth. And this might seem ridiculous, I mean if you jump up, you jump up, you fall back down, you move around, but the earth just sits there. If your forces are equal, how come the earth doesn't move around like you do. And again, it's because just because the forces are the same, the acceleration doesn't have to be the same. The mass of the earth is so big, compared to your mass, there's basically no acceleration. Even though the forces on you and the forces on the earth are the same. So these two are third law partner forces. These two are joined together forever. They have to be equal, no matter what happens, these two forces will always be equal. I don't care if this box is accelerating or not accelerating, or that there's motion or no motion. Whether it's hitting a wall, sitting on a table, falling through space, these two forces must always be equal and opposite, because of the third law. So how about this other force, this force that the table was exerting. So this is, the force on A by the table. So if I wanna label it correctly, I'd call it the force on box A, exerted by the table. Now finding the third law partner force is easy, I can just reverse these labels, and I'd get that there must be, instead of an upwards force, a downwards force on the table, by A. So I'm gonna have another force here on the table. It's gonna be a downward force. Downward force on the table by A, that's the third law partner force to this upward force that the table is exerting. These two forces are also third law partner forces. these forces are going to be equal and opposite no matter what happens. This force on box A by the table. And this force on the table by box A must be equal no matter what happens, but the force on box A by the table, does not have to be equal and opposite to the force on A by the earth. It happens to be equal and opposite, in a case where there's no acceleration. If we stuck this whole situation into an elevator, or a rocket that had some huge acceleration upwards, even if there's acceleration upwards, these partner forces have to be equal. So the force on A by the table, and the force on the table by A will have to be equal. Similarly the force on the earth by A, and the force on A by the earth have to be equal. But no longer will these two forces have to be equal, cause they're not partner forces. They might be equal and opposite in some circumstances, but they don't always have to be equal and opposite. If we're accelerating upwards, this upward force on the box, must be bigger than the downwards force on the box. So these won't be equal. Recapping quickly, Newtons's Third Law is a statement about the forces on two different objects. And because it's about two different objects, those forces can never cancel. To find the Newtons's Third Law partner force, just reverse the label after you've identified the two objects that are interacting. The third law partner forces have to be equal in magnitude, even if one object is larger than the other, or has more charge or any property that might seem like it would convey more force, than another object. If those are the two objects interacting, their forces must be of equal magnitude and opposite directions, the forces instantaneously generated this partner forces. And be careful, some forces might seem like partner forces, and might be equal and opposite, but they're not necessarily third law partner forces. They made just be equal and opposite for other reasons.