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Organic chemistry
Naming alkenes examples
Naming Alkenes Examples. Created by Sal Khan.
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I have several questions about naming carbon structures:
1) What if I have double bonds in an alkyl group? How do I manage the yl/ene suffixes? Do I choose the chain that is longest, or is there a preference for the one with most double bonds?
2) How do I name multiple cyclo-groups that are fused like a web? Like this <=><> or this <=|=>.
3) I named a complicated structure for practice, is it correct? 1-cyclobutane-16-ethyl-4-(2-(4-hexylcycloheptyl)ethyl)triiso-4-ene.
Thank you so much!!!(13 votes)
1. You pick the longest continuous chain of C atoms that goes through as many of the double and triple bonds as possible. Double and triple bonds have the same priority for naming, so you start numbering from the end nearest to a multiple-bonded carbon. If there are double or triple bonds in the side chains, you must name these as alkenyl or alkynyl groups.
Thus, you might have a molecule such as 4-ethenyl-5-methylhept-4-ene-1-yne. Ethenyl is named before methyl because e comes before m, and ene is named before yne because e comes before y.
2. The numbering of polycyclic compounds is a bit complicated. Let us take a simple example. The compound known as "hexahydroindan" consists of a cyclononane ring with a bond between C-1 and C-5. If you draw its structure, it looks like a cyclohexane ring joined side-by-side with a cyclopentane ring. Atoms 1 and 5 are shared by the two rings (they are called bridgehead carbons).
To name the compound, you start at one of the bridgehead atoms and number by going around the largest ring possible that leads to the other bridgehead ( the 6-membered ring). Then you continue around the next smaller ring (the 5-membered ring) back to C-1. The basic name is made from the number of rings and the total number of C atoms that include the bridgehead carbons and the bridging carbons. Thus the basic name is bicyclononane.
Now we have to specify the size of the fused rings. To do this, we name the compound as bicyclo[x.y.z]nonane, where x, y, and z are the number of C atoms in each path between the bridgeheads, listed in descending order. The 6-membered ring has 4 C atoms between the bridgeheads; the 5-membered ring has 3 C atoms between the bridgeheads; and the two bridgeheads themselves are joined by zero carbons. So the full name is bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane.
Other isomers could be the [5.2.0] and [[6.1.0] structures. You could also have tricyclic isomers such as tricyclo[3.2.2]nonane. Could you draw these structures?
The systematic names can get quite complicated. Look up the systematic name for "cubane", for example.
Hope this helps.
3. Sorry, I have no idea what structure you are trying to name.(7 votes)
At4:04, wouldn't it be hept-2-4-diene?(5 votes)- The correct name is hepta-2,4-diene. The base name for the main chain is hepta . But the "a" is dropped when it occurs before a vowel. Thus we get hept-2-ene instead if hepta-2-ene, but hepta-2,4-diene instead of hept-2,4-diene. The numbers are ignored. So in the first case we have "a" before "e" but in the second case we have "a" before "d" .(9 votes)
can someone please give me all the rules in order that explain how to name alkanes.(3 votes)
Rule 1) Find the longest chain of carbons. (It does NOT have to be straight.) This goes at the end of the name.
Rule 2) Identify any side branches. These go just before the longest chain name.
Rule 3) If a side chain occurs more than once, indicate how many time it occurs. This goes just before the branch name. di - two, tri = three, tetra = four. After that the prefixes are the same as for chain-length.
Rule 4) When necessary, indicate which carbon the side-branch comes from by counting from the end of the main chain that gives the lowest possible number.(13 votes)
At4:00, it says that hept-2,4-ene is the correct way to write it, but I thought the other way(2,4 heptene) was the correct way. Is there any real difference between them?(2 votes)
One of many good answers for a very similar question on this page can be found here:
https://www.khanacademy.org/video/naming-alkenes-examples?qa_expand_key=kaencrypted_efcd767b0e587ad079a630b27505e457_9dd6e50d316cc2a3dc3b1ad4a18d42e60bd78a2c9f21df65d1d7abb27cf11814c337100d2688447bcd344b6e3f22cbd48475a18086a37eddb2eb39231becb0dadaec078c1123b5f4b2304b93e54af5735160cbfffa4602982aa94f5095954d714f44ffad0ee3833b6a8b528a92ebd2425db5f257edc44c4ca4c2764a641511495988e3504ad2fd369613cda5efc9a7ee34c858627252159744ecb23c7c261decbbee407c686556ca3dd66b288d1058e5131eb0f362b2d9c9ae06e0e246e36d1e(3 votes)
- So, how do you number the carbons if the double bond is in the middle of a single chain?(1 vote)
- Counting the carbons is the same, even if there is a double bond. The difference would be the ratio of hydrogens to carbons.(2 votes)
- No question, but a I recommend something - you should name the last cyclo-structure 2,3,5-tricyclohex-1-ene. Because you should always get the smallest numbers in front of the prefixes and therefore you should count clockwise in this case.(0 votes)
The rule is that you want the lowest numbered substituents, not the lowest sum of all substituents. So while 1+2+3+5 < 1+1+4+6, 1+1 < 1+2. Therefore 1,4,6-tricyclohex-1-ene is correct, but as the -1- is implied it is 1,4,6-tricyclohexene.(3 votes)
I might be wrong but do we ignore where the double bond is if its a cyclo? for example you hace 1,4,6-Trimethylcyclohene instead of 1,4,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-ene. The first 1 is where the first methyl group is but its also where the double bond begins. do we ignore it?(1 vote)- The double bond takes priority in the numbering of an alkyl-substituted cyclohexene.
The two alkene carbon atoms must be numbered 1 and 2, and you number around the ring in the direction that gives the lowest numbers.
C-6 is always next to C-1.
You don't have to include the number of the double bond in the name, because its carbons are always C-1 and C-2, but you do have to number the positions of the substituents.(3 votes)
So, at8:20the molecule was named 1,4,6 trimethyl cyclohexene, instead of 1,2,4 trimethyl cyclohexene. Is this because when naming, you have to follow the direction of the double bond? (I.E., a double bond will always be 1,2)(2 votes)
The double bond must be in between consecutive numbers. So it has to be between 1 and 2 or any two numbers in sequence(1 vote)
should i look for the longest chain or only the chain with the double bond?(2 votes)- The rule is, you take the longest chain with the functional group. In this case the functional group is the C=C double bond. For instance, draw a 2-propyl-1-hexene (2-propylhex-1-ene), which is the proper name for the molecule it describes even though the double bond isn't on the longest chain.(1 vote)
is sharing of four electrons between two carbon atoms is possible?(2 votes)
no.......you will learn HYBADISATION chapter in class 11th ....there u will find that its not possible for carbon to share all its 4 electron.Hope u got it. :-D(1 vote)
4:04Video transcript
Everything we've named so
far has been an alkane. We've seen all single bonds. Let's see if we can expand our
repertoire a little bit and do some alkenes. So let's look at this first
carbon chain right here. And actually, here I drew out
all of the hydrogens just to remind you that everything we
were doing before with just the lines, it really
was representing something like this. When you start having the
double bonds, and we'll explain it in more detail later
on, it actually starts to matter a little bit more to
draw the constituents, because there's actually different ways
that you can arrange it. Because these double bonds, you
can imagine, they're more rigid, you can't rotate
around them as much. But don't think about that
too much right now. Let's just try to name
these things. So like we always do, let's try
to find the longest chain of carbons. And there's only one chain
of carbons here. There's one, two, three, four,
five, six, seven carbons in that chain. So we're going to be
dealing with hept, that is seven carbons. But it's not going
to be a heptane. Heptane would mean that we
have all single bonds. Here we have a double bond, so
this is going to be an alkene. So this tells us right here
that we're dealing with an alkene, not an alkane. If you have a double bond,
it's an alkene. Triple bond, alkyne. We'll talk about that
in future videos. This is hept, and we'll put an
ene here, but we haven't specified where the double
bond is and we haven't numbered our carbons. When you see an alkene like
this, you start numbering closest to the double bond, just
like as if it was a alkyl group, as if it was a side
chain of carbons. So this side is closest to the
double bond, so let's start numbering there. One, two, three, four,
five, six, seven. The double bond is between two
and three, and to specify its location, you start at the
lowest of these numbers. So this double bond is at two. This is actually hept-2-ene. So this tells us that we have a
seven carbon chain that has a double bond starting-- the
ene tells us a double bond. Let me write that down. So this double bond right
there, that's what the ene tells us. Double bond between two carbons,
it's an alkene. The double bond starts-- if you
start at this point-- the double bond starts at number two
carbon, and then it will go to the number three carbon. Now you might be asking, well,
what if I had more than one double bond here? So let me draw a quick
example of that. Let's say I have something like,
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven. So this is the same
molecule again. One, two, three, four,
five, six, seven. The way we drew it up
here, it would look something like this. What if I had another double
bond sitting right here? How would we specify this? Well, once again we have
seven carbons. One, two, three, four,
five, six, seven. So we're still going to
have a hept here. It's still going to
be an alkene, so we put our ene here. But we start numbering it, once
again, closest to the closest double bond. So one, two, three, four,
five, six, seven. But now we have a double bond
starting at two to three, so it would be hept-2. And we also have another double
bond starting from four and going to five,
so hept-2,4-ene. That's what this molecule
right there is. Sometimes, this is the-- I
guess-- proper naming, but just so you're familiar with
it if you ever see it. Sometimes someone would write
hept-2-ene, they'll write that as 2-heptene, probably because
it's easier to say 2-heptene. And from this, you would be able
to draw this thing over here, so it's giving you the
same amount of information. Similarly over here, they
might say 2,4-heptene. But this is the specific,
this is the correct way to write it. It let's you know the two and
the four apply to the ene, which you know applies
to double bonds. Let's do a couple more. So over here, I have a double
bond, and I also have some side chains. Let's see if we can figure
out how to deal with all of these things. So first of all, what is our
longest chain of carbons? So we have one, two, three,
four, five, six. Now we could go in either
direction, it doesn't matter. Seven carbons or
seven carbons. Let's start numbering closest
to the double bond. The double bond actually will
take precedence over any other groups that are attached
to it. So let's take precedence--
well, over any other groups in this case. There will be other groups that
will take precedence in the future. But the double bond takes
precedence over this side chain, this methyl group. But it doesn't matter in this
case, we'd want to start numbering at this end. It's one, two carbon, three
carbon, four carbon, five carbon, six carbon,
seven carbon. So we're dealing with
a hept again. We have a double bond starting
from the second carbon to the third carbon. So this thing right here, this
double bond from the second carbon to the third carbon. So it's hept-2,3-ene-- sorry,
not 2,3, 2-ene. You don't write both
endpoints. If there was a three, then there
would have been another double bond there. It's hept-2-ene. And then we have this methyl
group here, which is also sitting on the second carbon. So this methyl group right there
on the second carbon. So we would say
2-methyl-hept-2-ene. It's a hept-2-ene, that's all of
this part over here, double bonds starting on
the two if we're numbering from the right. And then the methyl group
is also attached to that second carbon. Let's do one more of these. So we have a cycle here, and
once again the root is going to be the largest chain or
the largest ring here. Our main ring is the largest
one, and we have one, two, three, four, five,
six, carbon. So we are dealing with hex as
our root for kind of the core of our structure. It's in a cycle, so it's
going to be cyclohex. So let me write that. So it's going to be cyclohex. But it has a double
bond in it. So it's cyclohex ene,
cyclohexene. Let me do this in a
different color. So we have this double bond
here, and that's why we know it is an ene. Now you're probably saying, Hey
Sal, how come we didn't have to number where
the ene is? So if you only have one double
bond in a ring, it's assumed that one end point of the double
bond is your 1-carbon. When you write just cyclohexene,
you know-- so cyclohexene would look
just like this. Just like that. You don't have to specify
where it is. It's just, one of these are
going to be the double bond. Now when you have other
constituents on it, by definition or I guess the proper
naming mechanism, is one of the endpoints of the
double bond will be the 1-carbon, and if any of those
endpoints have something else on it, that will definitely
be the 1-carbon. So these both are kind of the
candidates for the 1-carbon, but this point right here also
has this methyl group. We will start numbering there,
one, and then you want to number in the direction of the
other side of the double bond. One, two, three, four,
five, six. So we have three methyl
groups, one on one. So these are the-- let me circle
the methyl groups. That's a methyl group
right there. That's a methyl group
right there. That's just one carbon. So we have three methyl groups,
so this is going to be-- it's at the one, the
four, and the six. So it is 1, 4, 6. We have three methyl groups, so
it's trimethyl cyclohexene. 1, 4, 6-trimethylcyclohexene. That's what that is, hopefully
you found that useful.