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Class 12 Biology (India)

Welcome to Class 12 Biology!

Where do babies come from? Why you have your grandfather's nose? How did life originate on Earth? Learn why peas play an important role in genetics, how biotechnology can solve mysteries, what an ecosystem is, and much more. This course is aligned to the Class 12 NCERT curriculum.

Unit 1: Reproduction

Introduction to Reproduction: ReproductionAsexual Reproduction: ReproductionSexual Reproduction : Reproduction
Events of Sexual Reproduction : Reproduction

Unit 2: Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Structure of a flower: Sexual reproduction in flowering plantsPre-fertilization events: Sexual reproduction in flowering plantsPollination and double fertilization: Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Post-fertilization events, apomixis, and polyembryony: Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

Unit 3: Human Reproduction

Introduction to the Reproductive System: Human ReproductionThe Male Reproductive System: Human ReproductionThe Female Reproductive System: Human Reproduction
Gametogenesis: Human ReproductionMenstrual cycle: Human ReproductionFertilisation, Pregnancy and Embryonic Development: Human ReproductionParturition and Lactation: Human Reproduction

Unit 4: Reproductive Health

Birth Control: Reproductive HealthSexually Transmitted Infections: Reproductive HealthInfertility: Reproductive Health

Unit 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Introduction to Mendelian Genetics: Principles of Inheritance and VariationMonohybrid Cross - Mendel's Laws of Dominance and Segregation: Principles of Inheritance and VariationDihybrid Cross - Law of Independent Assortment: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Non-Mendelian Genetics: Principles of Inheritance and VariationChromosomal Theory of Inheritance: Principles of Inheritance and VariationSex Determination, Linkage and Chromosomal Disorders: Principles of Inheritance and VariationMendelian Disorders and Pedigree Analysis: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Unit 6: The Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

Discovery of DNA as the genetic material: The Molecular Basis Of InheritanceStructure of DNA and RNA: The Molecular Basis Of InheritanceDNA Replication: The Molecular Basis Of Inheritance
Transcription and RNA processing: The Molecular Basis Of InheritanceTranslation: The Molecular Basis Of InheritanceRegulation of Gene Expression: The Molecular Basis Of InheritanceHuman genome project and DNA fingerprinting: The Molecular Basis Of Inheritance

Unit 7: Evolution

Formation of Earth and the Origins of Life: EvolutionEvolution and Natural Selection: EvolutionEvidence for Evolution: Evolution
Hardy-Weinberg Principle and Mechanisms of Evolution: Evolution

Unit 8: Human Health and Disease

Common Diseases in Human Beings: Human Health and DiseaseTypes of Immunity and the Immune System: Human Health and DiseaseHIV and AIDS: Human Health and Disease
Cancer: Human Health and DiseaseAddiction and Dependence: Human Health and Disease

Unit 9: Microbes in human welfare

Microbes in industrial and household products: Microbes in human welfareMicrobes in sewage treatment: Microbes in human welfare

Unit 10: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Introduction to biotechnology: Biotechnology: Principles and ProcessesRestriction digests, cloning and transformation: Biotechnology: Principles and ProcessesTools and processes of recombinant technology: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Applications of Biotechnology: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Unit 11: Biotechnology and its applications

Introduction: Biotechnology and its applicationsApplications in agriculture: Biotechnology and its applicationsApplications in medicine: Biotechnology and its applications
Ethical concerns: Biotechnology and its applications

Unit 12: Organisms and Populations

Introduction to Ecology: Organisms and PopulationsOrganisms and their Environments: Organisms and PopulationsPopulation Ecology: Organisms and Populations
Population Interactions: Organisms and Populations

Unit 13: Ecosystem

Energy Flow through Ecosystems: EcosystemEcological Succession: EcosystemNutrient Cycling: Ecosystem

Unit 14: Biodiversity and Conservation

Patterns of Biodiversity: Biodiversity and ConservationLoss of Biodiversity: Biodiversity and ConservationConservation of Biodiversity: Biodiversity and Conservation
Community questions