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Course: Health and medicine > Unit 14
Lesson 2: Lab values and concentrations- Introduction to lab values and normal ranges
- What's inside of blood?
- Units for common medical lab values
- What is an equivalent?
- The mole and Avogadro's number
- Molarity vs. molality
- Molarity vs. osmolarity
- Calculate your own osmolarity
- Molarity, molality, osmolarity, osmolality, and tonicity - what's the difference?
- Tonicity - comparing 2 solutions
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Molarity vs. molality
Learn how molarity and molality differ! The molality of a solution is equal to the moles of solute divided by the mass of solvent in kilograms, while the molarity of a solution is equal to the moles of solute divided by the volume of solution in liters. For example, a 1 molal solution contains 1 mole of solute for every 1 kg of solvent, while a 1 molar solution contains 1 mole of solute for every 1 L of solution. Created by Sal Khan.
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- I thought when you dissolved something the volume didn't change. At minute5:00that doesn't seem to be what he is saying.(30 votes)
- The volume does change when you dissolve something. You're putting molecules in -- the total volume must change, however slightly.
It doesn't mean that the total volume will increase exactly by the volume of solute you added.. That depends on the lattice structure of the solute (if solid), and the interactions with the solvent. A 1cm^3 crystal of NaCl dropped into 100cm^3 of water won't increase the volume to 101 because when it dissolves, the lattice structure breaks down and water will surround each molecule of NaCl (actually each atom of Na+ and Cl-) separately..
But at the end of the day, the volume does still increase because now you have all those atoms of Na and Cl floating around in there, and they do after all have some volume, even if it's tiny. It starts to add up when you add more solute..(42 votes)
- Anyone know where some good Molarity, mass percent, Dilutions exercises are to practice? (More beginner stuff)(20 votes)
- to the left of the video there is a thing that says practice molarity calculations
maybe you can try that?(3 votes)
- " 1 litre=1 kg"
Is this true only for water or we can use this relation for all other substances?(8 votes)- 1l = 1kg = 1dm^3 for water only.
1l of oil is already less than 1kg(10 votes)
- I don't think this was very helpful. I'm trying to figure out how exactly to convert from l to kg or any other units that may be used in this problem. (Just a general comment not quite a question)(4 votes)
- To convert volume to mass, or vice versa, you first need to look up the density of the solvent you are interested in (at a specific temperature).. The density of water is 1 g/cm^3 (or 1 kg/L, since 1 cm^3 = 1 mL). The density of ethanol, for instance is 0.789 g/cm^3.. 1 L of ethanol = 0.789 kg (=1 L* 0.789 kg/L) . 1 kg ethanol = 1.267 L (=1 kg * (1/0.789 kg/L)).. For that last bit, just invert the density. If ethanol is 0.789 kg/L, it is also 1.267 *L/kg* (=1/0.789 kg/L).. By inverting the density, you go from kg/L to L/kg. That's all you need.
Now, when you add a dissolved solute into the mix, it complicates everything. Different solutes lead to different displaced volumes when dissolved in different substances. 1 gram of NaCl thrown into water might take up 1 microliter of space, but it might take up more or less space in some other solvent, maybe ethanol (it depends on the interactions between the molecules.. the geometry of the shells of solvent around the solute particles etc..). On the other hand, 1 gram of a big molecule like albumin will take up more volume than that.. It has to due with the density of the solute molecules individually, as well as their interactions with the solvent itself.. and I'm sure a host of other factors. I'd say that's something you pretty much have to measure every time..(10 votes)
- But isnt doing moles/.99 kg not the same as moles/1kg, therefore does not fit the definition of molality?(4 votes)
- Molality is a ratio of the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. If you have .5 mol/.5 kg, the molality will be 1 molal, just as if you took 1 mol over 1 kg of solvent.(8 votes)
- Why 1 litre of a solution equals to 1 kg of the same solution?(3 votes)
- Because 1 liter is defined as the volume of water that makes up 1kg.(5 votes)
- Does this also apply to solid nonmetal solutes?(3 votes)
- If the solute dissolves in the solvent then it does because molarity is number of moles per litre of solution and a solution is formed only when solute dissolves in solvent(2 votes)
- Why is 1L of water = 1 KG?(2 votes)
- Previously the definition of 1KG was taken to be 1L of water. Now we have the Internation Prototype Kilogram. But we still take water of 1L volume to be 1KG, which it exactly isn't, it is a little less than that. It has a mass of 999.975g to be precise.(3 votes)
- Good evening,dear sir or madam, may I know if the solute dissolve in water is ionic compound, does the number of mole of the solute need to times with the number of ions in the compound?(2 votes)
- No. If you dissolve a mole of an ionic compound in water, you have a mole of the compound in aqueous solution. You do have multiple moles of particles, but only one mole of the compound.
Example: If I dissolve one mole of NaCl in one liter of water, I have a one molar solution of NaCl. There are two moles of particles, but only one mole of the compound.(3 votes)
- The question I'm trying to figure out is "What weight of sodium hydroxide is present in each liter of a solution whose density is 1.09 g/ml and which contains 9.00% by weight NaOH?" Does anyone know where I could find a video explaining this well, or how I could apply what's in this video to that question because I haven't been able to find any videos online with a formula that seems directly applicable to this problem?(3 votes)
Video transcript
Let's talk about the
difference between two words molarity and molality. So the first one has obviously,
a little r in it, and the other has an l in it. And in fact, sometimes
when people say it quickly, it's hard to even hear
which one they just said, so just make sure
you listen carefully because there is a slight
difference, actually, two little differences
that we'll talk about. So molarity, let's
start there, is really talking about moles of
something, some particle, over 1 liter of solution. And I haven't been writing
out liter of solution, but that is what
is meant, so one liter of solution,
that is molarity. Now, molality is
slightly different, so let me do it in
a different color. Molality is actually
the moles, again-- so that part is the same-- over
1 kilogram-- so this is now actually looking at mass-- 1
kilogram of solvent, so not solution, but solvent. And so let me make
that very clear. So this is 1 liter of solution. This is 1 kilogram of solvent. So both are looking
at the same numerator, but the denominator
is different. So let me actually
draw out an example of what this might look like. Let's say we have our
solution down here, and let's say it's
mostly water, so I'm going to fill this
in with water, and let's fill it in more
quickly using a little air brush. So let's say this is
our solution of water. I'm going to make
it nice and even. You can see the line
that it goes up to. So this is carefully
measured out, and I'm going to put
1 mole of something, and we can decide whatever
that something is going to be. And in this case,
I don't know, let's say we decide to put
some urea in there, little molecules of urea. And we know the
urea is something our body uses to get rid
of nitrogen, so something that we throw into
urine and actually even sounds like urine. So I'm going to put some
molecules of urea in here, and we're going to make
our urea, I don't know, let's say kind of a pink color. This is our urea, and
this is 1 mole of it. So I'm only going to draw a
few of the little molecules, but you know that
whenever I say there's a mole that must mean
that there's 6.02 times 10 to the 23rd of these molecules
in here, so lots and lots of molecules. So 1 mole, this refers
to 6.02 times 10 to the 23rd, so lots of
molecules hanging out in our solution now. And so let me actually then
now cut and paste this. We're going to cut and paste
this over to the other side, so that's over here, and we'll
move this underneath here. So you know this is
exactly the same, right? So this is just the
exact same solution, and I still have my
little pink urea. And now on this side, let's
say I measure this out and check the level here. Let's say this level right
here is exactly 1 liter. Well then, I would say this
solution has 1 mole of urea in 1 liter of solution, so we
have 1 molar solution of urea. So that's our molarity. Right? So so far so good. And these are little
ureas just to make sure that we're clear about that. So this is our
molarity, but what about the other
side, our molality? So for that, I actually
need to use a little eraser. So imagine now that I
actually removed all the urea because I don't
want the solution, I just want the solvent. I just want the
part that is water. I don't care about
the molecules. I just want to first get
1 kilogram of the solvent. So to do that, I've got
to get rid of all my urea. So I take out all the
little molecules of urea, and immediately
you can't imagine that the water is
actually going to allow those little holes
to be like that. They're going to fill in
those holes immediately. So right away, those holes are
going to get filled in, right? So let's fill them
in with water, so the water rushes into
those holes and fills them in. But in doing so, in filling in
these little holes, of course, the level falls. Right? You actually have a
little bit less water. So you actually drop the
level of water a little bit, so let me erase some water
up here because the water level falls just a
little bit to fill in all those holes of
solvent that I took away or all the holes of
urea that I pulled out. So now my level is fallen, and
so if I was to measure this, let's say this is
less than 1 liter. Let's say it's 0.99 liters. It's going to be
very close, but it's going be slightly less, right? so let's say about 0.99 liters. So it's a little bit
less than a liter. And remember, 1 liter
equals 1 kilogram. So for water and
most temperatures, 1 liter for a water, 1
liter equals 1 kilogram. So I guess I have
to ask the question, does this equal 1 kilogram? Well, the answer is no, right? It actually equals
about 0.99 kilograms. It's actually slightly
less than a liter. So that's going to weigh
less than 1 kilogram, just 0.99 kilograms. So now I have really
1 mole of urea. Thinking back to how
much I dumped in, I had put in 1 mole of urea. I'm just going to
let it hover here because this is
where it was right before it fell into my water. 1 mole of urea was going in to
only 0.99 kilograms of water. And so if that's the
case, then my molality is actually going to
be slightly different. It's going to be 1 mole of urea
over 0.99 kilograms of solvent, of water. And so 1 divided by a
number slightly less than 1 will be a little
bit more than 1, so my molality will
actually be maybe let's say 1.01 or thereabout. It will be just
slightly upwards of 1, and that will be the molality. So they're very similar, right? Like 1 molarity,
in this case was, was going to equal just a
little bit higher molality and that's because we know
that the molecules of urea take up a little bit
of volume and that makes the overall volume of
the solvent a little bit less. So that's the key difference,
and if you think about this really when you're talking
about blood and things that are dissolved into
blood, most clinicians will jump back to
molarity because it's just easier to work with
and you don't actually have to figure out the
exact amount of solvent. You can just think
about the solution. So most of the clinicians
or doctors and nurses will think in terms of
molarity, but most of the time when you're working
in a lab setting and you can be more precise,
people think about molality.