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Chemistry library
Course: Chemistry library > Unit 1
Lesson 1: Introduction to the atom- Introduction to chemistry
- Preparing to study chemistry
- Elements and atoms
- Average atomic mass
- Worked example: Atomic weight calculation
- The mole and Avogadro's number
- Atomic number, mass number, and isotopes
- Worked example: Identifying isotopes and ions
- Isotope composition: Counting protons, electrons, and neutrons
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Introduction to chemistry
A big picture view of chemistry and why it is fascinating. How chemistry relates to math and other sciences.
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- Is melting of Ice is considered a physical change?(140 votes)
- Yes, the melting of ice would be a physical change since it is just a change of physical state (Gas, liquid, or solid).
During a physical change, the chemical formula of the sample isn't altered (ice=H2O, water=H2O) whereas in a chemical change, the chemical formula is altered.
During a chemical change you would notice a permanent change in color, bubbling or fizzing caused by a gas being released, the release an odor, ect.(193 votes)
- At 5: 30 you said there are points where these things start to bleed in together but , how does biology bleed in to physics ?(46 votes)
- How about these?
X-ray diffraction to determine the structure of DNA and other biological substances.
Medical imaging using MRI, CAT scans, and ultrasound.
New microscopes that use physicists' understanding of lenses, lasers, and algorithms for noise and image analysis.(109 votes)
- ok one question why do they call it biology who gave that name(14 votes)
- biology comes from the two greek words bio and logos. bio means life and logos means study.
hope it help you(146 votes)
- what are anions?(14 votes)
- Anions are negatively charged ions which are created due to gain of electrons by an element.(24 votes)
- I have a question. Why does the element calcium react in a similar way to the element magnesium?(12 votes)
- They react in the same way because they are in the same column. We have a special term for atoms in the same column: we say they are in the same family or group. Calcium and magnesium are both in the alkali earth metal group. Elements in the same group react in similar ways because they have the same number of valence electrons.
Valence electrons are the electrons that actually participate in chemical reactions. So, if they have the same number of valence electrons, they can make similar interactions!(37 votes)
- In the firstseconds of the video, there and equation on the top of the screen: 0:05
2h2(g)+O2(g)=2h2O(g) what dose that mean?(5 votes)- It is a reaction which shows that how water come to existence.
It is basically two hydrogen molecules which react with two atoms of oxygen to form four molecules of water.(12 votes)
- Why do some elements have electron energy levels that can fit 18 electrons?(6 votes)
- It's just the way it is!
The electronic configuration associated with a shell with a principal quantum number of 3 has one "s", three "p" and five "d" orbitals, which allows for 18 electrons in that shell.
For a principal quantum number of 4 there are one "s", three "p", five "d" orbitals and seven "f" orbitals, which allows for 32 electrons in that shell.
Note that energy levels for these different orbital types are not the same - so we're not saying that there are 18 or 32 electrons in orbitals with the same energies. As you can see from this - https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Atomic_orbital_energy_levels.svg/2000px-Atomic_orbital_energy_levels.svg.png - there is overlap of the principal quantum numbers in terms of energy levels, with, for example, 3d being of higher energy than 4s.(14 votes)
- Is an atom considered as matter?(5 votes)
- Yes, An atom is considered as matter because, well, it simply exists. This is because matter is classified as anything that occupies space, therefore, energy is not matter. Hope this clears it up.(4 votes)
- At around, you said that subjects, such as psychology and economics, can build on top of these "main" subjects. My question is, how does biology relate to economics? 6:15(3 votes)
- Did you notice both economics and ecology have the same prefix, eco- ? It is derived from Greek word οἶκος (oikos) which means house or home. Back in the days of feudalism when arable land was the most valuable possession and the main source of income, knowledge about plants and how all the biotic and abiotic factors affect their growth were essential. Even nowadays there are many examples of biology influencing economics. Have you ever grown potatoes? Do you know how much money you need to invest to grow one kg of potatoes? You can make it cheaper if you don't use fertilizers, but how will that affect your crop? Will you get less potatoes? Does it pay off to buy fertilizers or not? At what cost will you sell your potatoes? Obviously, you can't sell them for the same amount of money you've invested to grow them, you need to earn something too. Will that price be affordable to most people? To whom will you sell your potatoes? What type of soil do potatoes prefer? If you buy a more fertile arable land, will you be able to grow more potatoes with less expenses? There are pests too, they might eat seedlings, leafs, tubers... How will you get rid of them? Will you collect potato beetles by hand or use pesticides? If you buy pesticides that will cost you more, but that will also affect the quality of your potatoes. If you collect them by hand, you might save some money but you will lose more time and maybe still have less crop. How will you regulate the price of your potatoes in those cases?
Well, that's just one example but we could go on like that forever. You buy food that you eat every day and pay for it. Do you feel the food is too cheap or too expensive? What does go into the process of producing food that affects its price?(7 votes)
- is cutting of a paper chemical change or physical change?(2 votes)
- Think of it this way. If you cut a piece of paper, all that you are changing is its form. You are not introducing any other chemical elements into the paper. We could consider chemical change as simply turning or making one thing became another kind of thing. When you cut paper, it would obviously still be considered as paper.
Think of chemical change as change its chemical composition, basically.(7 votes)
Video transcript
Here some picture of what most people associate
when they think of chemistry. They think of scientists
working on a bench with the different vials
of different chemicals. They might think of a mad scientist. Some of them boiling and changing colors. They might associate chemistry
with chemical equations. Thinking about how different
things will react together to form other things. They might think about models
of the different molecules that can be depicted different ways. They might associate it with
the periodic table of elements. And all of these things are
a big part of chemistry. But I want you to do in this video is appreciate what at its
essence chemistry is all about. And chemistry is one of the sciences that really just helps us understand and make models and make
predictions about our reality. And even something like the
periodic table of elements, which you'll see at the front
of any chemistry classroom, you take it for granted. But this is the product of, frankly, thousands of years of human beings trying to get to an understanding of all of the different
complexity in the world. If you look at the world around us, and it doesn't even have to be our planet, it could be the universe around us, you see all these different substances that seem to be different in certain ways. You see things like
fire and rock and water. Even in the planets, you see meteorological patterns. In life, you see all of this complexity and all of these different things and it looks like there's
just like a infinite spectrum of differentness out of there. Of different substances. Even in things like our human brain. The complexity and the
electrochemical interactions. And you could imagine as a species, this is kind of overwhelming. How do you make the sense of all of this? And it was not an easy path, but over thousands of years, we did start to make sense of it. And why it's very lucky for all of us to be born when we are now or to be around when we are now. To be able to learn
chemistry where we are now is that we get the answer. And it's a partial answer,
which is also exciting, cause we don't want the full answer. But it's a partial answer
that takes us a long way. We realize that the
periodic table of elements, that all of this complexity
that we're seeing before, that at the end of the day, things are made of basic building blocks. Kind of you could imagine the legos that really make up everything. And there aren't an
infinite number of legos. There's actually a finite number of them. We're discovering more all of the time, well not all of the time, now new elements are not
discovered that frequently, but there's a few of these elements that are disproportionately showing up in a lot of what we see here. These things that seem so different. Well a lot of this is different
compositions of elements like carbon and oxygen and hydrogen. And even the elements
themselves are made of things like protons and electrons and neutrons that are just rearranged in different ways to give us these elements that have all of these
different properties. So when you think about chemistry, yes, it might visually
look something like this. These are obviously much older pictures. But at its essence, it's
how do we create models and understand the models that describe a lot of the complexity
in the universe around us? And just to put chemistry in, I guess you could say, in context with some of the other sciences, many people would say at the purest level, you would have mathematics. That math, you're studying ideas, which could even be independent, you're seeing logical ideas
that could be even independent of anything that you've ever
observed or experienced. And a lot of folks that
say if we ever communicate with another intelligent species that could be completely
different than us, math might be that common language. Because even if we perceive
the world differently and think differently in certain ways, math might be that common language. But on top of math, we start to say, well how is our reality
actually structured? At the most basic level, what are the constituents of matter and what are the mathematical properties that describe how they react together? And then, or interact with each other? Then you go one level above that, you get to the topic of this
video, which is chemistry. Which is very closely related to physics. When we talk about
these chemical equations and we create these molecular structures, the interactions between these atoms, these are quantum mechanical interactions which we do not fully understand
at the deepest level yet. But with chemistry, we
can start to make use of the math and they physics
to start to think about how all of these different building blocks can interact to explain all
sorts of different phenomena. This chemical equation you see right here, this is combustion. This is hydrogen combusting with oxygen to produce a lot of energy. To produce energy. When we imagine combustion,
we think of fire. But what even is fire at
its most fundamental level? How do we get, why do we perceive this thing here? And chemistry is super important because on top of that, we build biology. We build biology. And as you'll see as you
study all of these things, there's points where these
things start to bleed together. But the biology in, say, a human being, or really in any species, it's based on molecular interactions. Interactions between
molecules, between atoms, which, at the end of the
day, is all about chemistry. As I speak, the only reason
why I'm able to speak is because of really, hard to imagine the number
of chemical interactions happening in me right now to create this soundness. To create this thing that thinks it exists that wants to make a
video about how awesome and amazing chemistry is. And then from biology, you can build out on
all of everything else. So sciences like psychology
and economics, which of course, these things also leverage
math and other things. But this gives you kind of a sense of how we build up and how we
explain the reality around us. And not one of these is more
important than the other. These are all studying
incredibly fascinating things that as humans beings
first became thoughtful about their environment, said, "Gee, why are we here? "What is this place? "Why do we exist? "How do we exist?" And chemistry builds models for us to understand interactions
at a scale and a speed that we can't directly observe, but nonetheless, we can to
start to make predictions. So that's what's really cool about this. When you study chemistry, you should not view this
as some type of a chore that the school system
is forcing you through. There are people who would've
done anything 100 years ago to get the answers that are
in your chemistry book today or that you can learn from
your chemistry teacher or that you can learn
from a Khan Academy video. There are people in the
world in the past and today who'd do anything to be
able to understand deeply what this is. That they consider it a privilege to be able to learn at this level. And then to think about
where this could go because none of these fields are complete. We have very partial knowledge
of all of these fields. Arguably, there's an infinite
more that we could learn relative to what we know. But what's exciting is that
we have such a strong start. We're starting to make sense of it. To really describe
everything in our reality.