how mitochondria can survive in the cell even if it have a foreign DNA relative to cell.? why it is not detected for phagocytosis by the cell for having foreign DNA ..?

If the zygote has mutant mitochondria in it, that cell will replicate not knowing that the mitochondria is unusual because all immune cells differentiate from the zygote. Since the immune cells do not see the mutant mitochondria as "mutant", they do not attack it. It's kinda similar to how you get used to your mother's cooking, and when you go out and order the same thing, it might taste weird or gross to you, just because you grew up tasting certain foods.

My family has a history of Breast cancer. My grandmother, her mother, and her mother has had it, all on my dad's side, but he hasn't had it. Is it possible that I, another female in the line, may have it? It seems to only passed on by the women in our family, so I am unsure.

There is a possibility. Judging by how your father's bloodline suffered from it, there is a chance that the breast cancer that they all had could be hereditary. This does not mean that you are automatically going to suffer from breast cancer, however; other genetic factors may have a larger role in determining whether you have cancer, such as mutations on other chromosomes. According to the CDC, you are more likely to have a hereditary breast cancer if: -Many members in your bloodline had breast cancer. -Any one of your relatives had ovarian cancer or breast cancer together with overian cancer. -Any one of your relatives had breast cancer before age 50, or had it on both of their breasts. -A male relative had breast cancer. -You are of Ashkenazi Jewish descent (those who are of such a descent have a higher breast cancer gene mutation incidence). Note that this is not intended to incite fears over inheriting breast cancer; you are more likely to get it from a non-genetic cause. Did this help?

what does DNA in chloroplasts do? what is the need for the DNA , RNA and Ribosomal units to be present in chloroplasts? Do they have a major role in photosynthesis and making of glucose? or do they only help in respiration of the plant by making enzymes? Can you please make this clear to me?

DNA in chloroplasts codes for the production and function of chloroplasts. Since chloroplasts are quite complex organelles and very important (converting energy) they require its own DNA and control. So DNA is converted to RNA and to proteins (dogma of molecular biology).

What are some examples of diseases gained from mitochondria DNA?

Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome (MELAS) as well as Myoclonic epilepsy, several visual imperments and some forms of Liegh syndrome. Apparently there is mitochondrial DNA factor in mental illnesses like dementia and Alzheimer's. Grim. Hope that helped!

when mitochondria inheritance happen?

The maternal mitochondria is inherited when the female ovum and male sperm fuse to form the zygote which contains the maternal mitochondrion. P.S.: You can see it in the picture of mitochondrial inheritance above

So what about plants that are red or other colors? Do they simply create a differently colored pigment, or does their lack of pigment cause them to be colored differently?

Plants that photosynthesize probably all have chlorophyll, but there might be other pigments that dominate, so that the green can’t be seen. For dying leaves, chlorophyll is broken down so that it doesn’t damage the leaf, and other pigments’ colors show.

How often do these cases of (extra) chromosomal inheritance occur in a population?

Maybe I'm misunderstanding your question, but every eukaryote that has mitochondria (essentially all of them) gets those mitochondria (and the mitochondrial genome) from the previous generation. The same is true for plastids. Since most eukaryotic cells can't survive without mitochondria (or are at a severe competitive disadvantage without them), this happens for (essentially) all populations of eukaryotes more-or-less 100% of the time ... Does that help?

What are the alleles for mitochondrial inheritance? Why can a man inherit it from his mother but none of his own offspring can inherit it from him?

The thing is that people inherit the mitochondria from their mothers. He could get is from his mother, but being a father and not a mother himself, his children can't inherit that from him.

Main content

Course: Biology library > Unit 16

Lesson 4: Sex linkage, chromosomal mutations, & non-nuclear inheritance

Inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA

Google Classroom

Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA and why its inheritance does not follow Mendelian patterns.

Introduction

If you were asked to name the organelle that contains DNA, what would you say? If you said the nucleus, you'd definitely get full points, but the nucleus is not the only source of DNA in most cells.

Instead, DNA is also found in the mitochondria present in most plant and animals cells, as well as in the chloroplasts of plant cells. Here, we'll explore how mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA are inherited.

Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA

The DNA molecules found in mitochondria and chloroplasts are small and circular, much like the DNA of a typical bacterium. There are usually many copies of DNA in a single mitochondrion or chloroplasts.

Similarities between the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts and the DNA of bacteria are an important line of evidence supporting the endosymbiont theory, which suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as free-living prokaryotic cells.

How is non-nuclear DNA inherited?

Here are some ways that mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA differ from the DNA found in the nucleus:

High copy number. A mitochondrion or chloroplast has multiple copies of its DNA, and a typical cell has many mitochondria (and, in the case of a plant cell, chloroplasts). As a result, cells usually have many copies – often thousands – of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Not necessarily. There’s good evidence that individual mitochondria can fuse and exchange genetic material with one another, meaning that not all of the DNA copies in a mitochondrion are necessarily identical $^{1}$ ‍. In plants, chloroplast fusion appears less common, so individual chloroplasts may tend to be genetically homogeneous (though the various chloroplasts in a cell may still differ from one another) $^{2}$ ‍. Of course, it’s also possible for the DNA copies in a genetically homogeneous organelle to become non-identical if a random mutation occurs in one of them.
Random segregation. Mitochondria and chloroplasts (and the genes they carry) are randomly distributed to daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis. When the cell divides, the organelles that happen to be on opposite sides of the cleavage furrow or cell plate will end up in different daughter cells $^{3}$ ‍.
Single-parent inheritance. Non-nuclear DNA is often inherited uniparentally, meaning that offspring get DNA only from the male or the female parent, not both $^{4}$ ‍. In humans, for example, children get mitochondrial DNA from their mother (but not their father).

Chloroplast inheritance: Early experiments

At the turn of the 20th century, Carl Correns, a German botanist, did a series of genetic experiments using four o’clock plants (Mirabilis jalapa). We now know that his work demonstrated how chloroplast DNA is passed on from cell to cell and from parent to offspring—though Correns himself didn't know it at the time

^{5}

Correns' experiments

The Mirabilis plants that Correns worked with came in three types: pure green, pure white, or variegated (mottled green and white). Green and white branches could appear on variegated plants, but variegated branches did not appear on green or white plants

^{6}

Correns was curious about this coloration trait, and he carried out a number of crosses between plants of different colors. He found that

^{6}

The color of the egg cell-donating branch (female parent) determined the color of the offspring.
Female parent branches that were pure green or pure white produced only pure green or pure white offspring, respectively.
Female parent branches that were variegated could produce all three types of offspring, but not in any predictable ratios.

Correns speculated that some factor in the cytoplasm of the egg cell must determine the color of the offspring. It was actually a different German botanist, Erwin Baur, who suggested that the chloroplasts in the cytoplasm might carry hereditary factors (genes)

^{5}

Baur thought that, in variegated plants, some of the chloroplasts must have mutations that made them unable to turn green (produce pigment). Today, we know that this hypothesis was exactly right!

Explaining Correns' results

How can the idea of chloroplast inheritance make variegated plants variegated? Let's follow a zygote (1-celled embryo) with mixture of chloroplasts inherited from the egg cell. Some of the chloroplasts are green, while others are white. As the zygote undergoes many rounds of mitosis to form an embryo and then a plant, the chloroplasts also divide and are distributed randomly to daughter cells at each division.

Based on similar diagram found in Griffiths et al. $^{7}$ ‍.

Over the many cell divisions, some cells will end up with a pure set of normal chloroplasts, making green patches). Others will get a pure set of nonfunctional chloroplasts (making white patches). Others yet will have a mix of normal and nonfunctional chloroplasts, producing green patches that may give rise to pure green or pure white sectors

^{7}

What about the maternal pattern of inheritance? Plants make germ cells late in development, converting cells at the tip of a branch into gamete-producing cells. A branch that’s pure green will make egg cells with green chloroplasts that give rise to pure green offspring. Similarly, a branch that's pure white will make egg cells that contain only white chloroplasts and will give rise to pure white offspring.

If a branch is variegated, it has a mixture of cells, some with only functional chloroplasts, some with only nonfunctional chloroplasts, and some with a mixture of chloroplasts. All three of these cell types may give rise to egg cells, leading to the green offspring, white offspring, and variegated offspring in unpredictable ratios

^{6, 7}

Female branch	Egg cells	Zygotes	Offspring
Variegated branch	Egg cell with green chloroplasts, egg cell with white chloroplasts, or egg cell with mixed chloroplasts	Egg cell with white chloroplasts leads to zygote with white chloroplasts; egg cell with green chloroplasts leads to zygote with green chloroplasts; egg cell with mixture of chloroplasts leads to zygote with mixture of chloroplasts	Variegated plant

Based on similar diagram found in Griffiths et al. $^{7}$ ‍.

Mitochondrial inheritance

Mitochondria, like chloroplasts, tend to be inherited from just one parent or the other (or at least, to be unequally inherited from the two parents)

^{4}

. In the case of humans, it is the mother who contributes mitochondria to the zygote, or one-celled embryo, by way of the egg's cytoplasm. Sperm do contain mitochondria, but they are not usually inherited by the zygote. There has been a reported case of paternal inheritance of mitochondria in a human, but this is extremely rare

^{8}

Maternal inheritance of mitochondria in humans

Because mitochondria are inherited from a person's mother, they provide a way to trace matrilineal ancestry (line of descent through an unbroken chain of female ancestors).

To understand how mitochondria connect you to your mother's mother's foremothers, consider where your mitochondria came from. They were received from your mother, in the cytoplasm of the egg cell that gave rise to you. Where did your mother get her own mitochondria? From her mother, that is, your maternal grandmother

^{9}

If you keep asking this question, you can walk backward in time through your family tree, following your matrilineal ancestors and tracing the transmission route of your mitochondrial DNA.

_Image credit: "Mitochondrial DNA vs. nuclear DNA," by University of California Museum of Paleontology (CC BY-SA 3.0)._

As shown in the diagram above, the inheritance pattern of mitochondrial DNA is different from that of nuclear DNA. A person's nuclear DNA is a "patchwork" of segments inherited from many different ancestors, while a person's mitochondrial DNA is inherited through a single, unbroken line of female ancestors

^{9, 10}

Mitochondrial mutations and human disease

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can lead to human genetic disorders. For example, large deletions in mitochondrial DNA cause a condition called Kearns-Sayre syndrome. These deletions keep the mitochondria from doing their job of extracting energy. Kearns-Sayre syndrome can cause symptoms such as weakness of the muscles, including those that control eyelid and eye movement, as well as degeneration of the retina and development of heart disease

^{11, 12}

Genetic disorders caused by mitochondrial mutations are not transmitted from fathers to children, because mitochondria are provided only by the mother. Instead, they are transmitted from mothers to children in one of the following ways

^{13}

A person with a disease caused by a mitochondrial mutation may lack normal mitochondria (and have only abnormal, mutation-bearing ones). In this case, an affected mother will always pass on mutation-bearing mitochondria to her children.
A mitochondrial disorder may occur when a person has a mix of normal and abnormal mitochondria her body. In this case, normal and mutation-bearing mitochondria may go randomly into eggs during meiosis. Children who get a large proportion of mutant mitochondria may have severe disease, while those with few mutant mitochondria may have mild or no disease $^{13}$ ‍.

Image modified from "Mitochondrial," by the National Institutes of Health (public domain).

This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.

Works cited:

Mears, J. A. (2014). Mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control. In M. F. Hohmann-Marriott, Ed., The structural basis of biological energy generation (pp. 451-476). New York, NY: Springer.
Lasbury, M. (2012, June 13). Biological fusion energy [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://biologicalexceptions.blogspot.com/2012/06/biological-fusion-energy.html.
Birky, C. W. (2001). The inheritance of genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts: Laws, mechanisms, and models. Annu. Rev. Genet. 35, 128.
Birky, C. W. (2001). The inheritance of genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts: Laws, mechanisms, and models. Annu. Rev. Genet. 35, 18.
Hagemann, R. (2000). Erwin Baur or Carl Correns: Who really created the theory of plastid inheritance? The Journal of Heredity, 91(6), 435-440. Retrieved from http://www.math.uci.edu/~brusso/BaurCorrens[32,33]sortof.pdf.
Miko, I. (2008). Non-nuclear genes and their inheritance. Nature Education, 1(1), 135. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/non-nuclear-genes-and-their-inheritance-589.
Griffiths, A. J. F., Gelbart, W. M., Miller, J. H., and Lewontin, R. C. (1999). Inheritance of organelle genes. In Modern genetic analysis. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21224/.
Schwartz, M. and Vissing, J. (2002). Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA. New England Journal of Medicine, 347, 576-580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020350.
Genealogy enthusiasts mine DNA for clues to evolutionary history. (2007). In Understanding evolution. Retrieved from http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/071101_genealogy.
Mitochondrial Eve. (2015, December 19). Received December 20, 2015 from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve.
National Organization for Rare Disorders. (2013). Kearns Sayre syndrome. In Rare disease information. Retrieved from https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/kearns-sayre-syndrome/.
Kearns-Sayre syndrome. (2011). In Genetics home reference. Retrieved from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/kearns-sayre-syndrome.
Taylor, R. W. and Turnbull, D. M. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human disease. Nature Reviews Genetics, 6(5), 389-402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1606. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1762815/.

Additional references:

Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Walter, P. (2002). The genetic systems of mitochondria and plastids. In Molecular biology of the cell (4th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21054/.

Birky, C. W. (1983). Nonrandom partitioning of organelle genes. In G. H. Bourne and J. F. Danielli, Eds., Aspects of cell regulation (pp. 84-86). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Birky, C. W. (1995). Uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes: Mechanisms and evolution. PNAS, 92(25), 11331-11338. Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/92/25/11331.abstract.

Birky, C. W. (2001). The inheritance of genes in mitochondria and chloroplasts: Laws, mechanisms, and models. Annu. Rev. Genet. 35, 125-48.

BluWasabi. (2015, March 20). Why do mitochondria fuse together? In Biology stack exchange. Posted to http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/30606/why-do-mitochondria-fuse-together.

Cann, R. L., Stoneking, M., and Wilson, A. C. (1987). Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. Nature, 325, 31-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325031a0. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/Mitochondrial-DNA-and-human-evolution-11488.

Chiai, H. and Craig, J. (2008). mtDNA and mitochondrial diseases. Nature Education, 1(1), 217. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mtdna-and-mitochondrial-diseases-903.

Chloroplast DNA. (2015, December 2). Retrieved December 20, 2015 from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA.

Hartsock, A. (2015). Bacterial plasmids: Definition, function, & uses. In Study.com. Retrieved from http://study.com/academy/lesson/bacterial-plasmids-definition-function-uses.html.

Jones, R. E. and Lopez, K. H. (2014). The process of fertilization. In Human reproductive biology (4th ed., pp. 163-169). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Khrapko, K. (2008). Two ways to make a mtDNA bottleneck. Nature Genetics, 40(2), 134-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0208-134. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3717270/.

Lasbury, M. (2012, June 13). Biological fusion energy [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://biologicalexceptions.blogspot.com/2012/06/biological-fusion-energy.html.

Miko, I. (2008). Non-nuclear genes and their inheritance. Nature Education, 1(1), 135. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/non-nuclear-genes-and-their-inheritance-589.

Mitochondrial DNA. (2014). In Genetics home reference. Retrieved from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/mitochondrial-dna.

Mitochondrial Eve. (2015, December 19). Received December 20, 2015 from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve.

Paternal mtDNA transmission. (2015, October 29). Retrieved December 20, 2015 from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal_mtDNA_transmission.

Phillips, R. (2012). How large are chloroplasts? In Physical biology of the cell. Retrieved from http://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/courses/aph161/2012/files_2012/homework/CBN-2012-Binder2.pdf.

Pierce, B. A. (2009). Cytoplasmic inheritance. In Transmission and population genetics (3rd ed., pp. 117-119). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Poznik, G. D., Henn, B. M., Yee, M.-C., Sliwerska, E., Euskirchen, G. M., Lin, A. A., Snyder, M., Quintana-Murci, L., Kidd, J. M., Underhill, P. A., and Bustamante, C. D. (2013). Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females. Science, 341, 562-565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1237619. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032117/.

Purves, W. K., Sadava, D. E., Orians, G. H., and Heller, H.C. (2004). Non-nuclear inheritance. In Life: the science of biology (7th ed., p. 209). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., and Jackson, R. B. (2011). Inheritance of organelle genes. In Campbell biology (10th ed., p. 309). San Francisco, CA: Pearson.

Tychonievich, J. (2011, July 24). Sciency answers: Variegation part 2. Stripes and splotches! [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://blog.arrowheadalpines.com/2011/07/sciency-answers-variegation-part-2.html.

Wallace, D. C. and Chalkia, D. (2013). Mitochondrial DNA genetics and the heteroplasmy conundrum in evolution and disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a021220.

Ymar. (2012, August 19). Does every mitochondrion in a cell contain the same DNA? In Biology stack exchange. Message posted to http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/3245/does-every-mitochondrion-in-a-cell-contain-the-same-dna.

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sabaM.mehmood
Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to sabaM.mehmood's post “how mitochondria can surv...”
how mitochondria can survive in the cell even if it have a foreign DNA relative to cell.? why it is not detected for phagocytosis by the cell for having foreign DNA ..?
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(9 votes)
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- ananya vittaladevuni
  Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to ananya vittaladevuni's post “If the zygote has mutant ...”
  If the zygote has mutant mitochondria in it, that cell will replicate not knowing that the mitochondria is unusual because all immune cells differentiate from the zygote. Since the immune cells do not see the mutant mitochondria as "mutant", they do not attack it. It's kinda similar to how you get used to your mother's cooking, and when you go out and order the same thing, it might taste weird or gross to you, just because you grew up tasting certain foods.
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  (11 votes)
sassafraswest
Posted 3 years ago. Direct link to sassafraswest's post “My family has a history o...”
My family has a history of Breast cancer. My grandmother, her mother, and her mother has had it, all on my dad's side, but he hasn't had it. Is it possible that I, another female in the line, may have it? It seems to only passed on by the women in our family, so I am unsure.
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(5 votes)
Answer
- Tybalt
  Posted 3 years ago. Direct link to Tybalt's post “There is a possibility. J...”
  There is a possibility. Judging by how your father's bloodline suffered from it, there is a chance that the breast cancer that they all had could be hereditary. This does not mean that you are automatically going to suffer from breast cancer, however; other genetic factors may have a larger role in determining whether you have cancer, such as mutations on other chromosomes.
  
  According to the CDC, you are more likely to have a hereditary breast cancer if:
  -Many members in your bloodline had breast cancer.
  -Any one of your relatives had ovarian cancer or breast cancer together with overian cancer.
  -Any one of your relatives had breast cancer before age 50, or had it on both of their breasts.
  -A male relative had breast cancer.
  -You are of Ashkenazi Jewish descent (those who are of such a descent have a higher breast cancer gene mutation incidence).
  
  Note that this is not intended to incite fears over inheriting breast cancer; you are more likely to get it from a non-genetic cause.
  
  Did this help?
  Comment on Tybalt's post “There is a possibility. J...”
  (6 votes)
Aditi Kannan
Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to Aditi Kannan's post “what does DNA in chloropl...”
what does DNA in chloroplasts do? what is the need for the DNA , RNA and Ribosomal units to be present in chloroplasts? Do they have a major role in photosynthesis and making of glucose? or do they only help in respiration of the plant by making enzymes? Can you please make this clear to me?
Button navigates to signup pageButton navigates to signup page
(4 votes)
Answer
- Ivana - Science trainee
  Posted 3 years ago. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post “DNA in chloroplasts codes...”
  DNA in chloroplasts codes for the production and function of chloroplasts.
  
  Since chloroplasts are quite complex organelles and very important (converting energy) they require its own DNA and control.
  
  So DNA is converted to RNA and to proteins (dogma of molecular biology).
  Button navigates to signup page
  (3 votes)
RiverclanWarrior
Posted a year ago. Direct link to RiverclanWarrior's post “What are some examples of...”
What are some examples of diseases gained from mitochondria DNA?
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(3 votes)
Answer
- Rose🌹
  Posted a year ago. Direct link to Rose🌹's post “Mitochondrial encephalopa...”
  Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome (MELAS) as well as Myoclonic epilepsy, several visual imperments and some forms of Liegh syndrome. Apparently there is mitochondrial DNA factor in mental illnesses like dementia and Alzheimer's.
  Grim.
  Hope that helped!
  Button navigates to signup page
  (3 votes)
😊
Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to 😊's post “when mitochondria inherit...”
when mitochondria inheritance happen?
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(3 votes)
Answer
- Gargi Kandalgaonkar
  Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to Gargi Kandalgaonkar's post “The maternal mitochondria...”
  The maternal mitochondria is inherited when the female ovum and male sperm fuse to form the zygote which contains the maternal mitochondrion.
  P.S.: You can see it in the picture of mitochondrial inheritance above
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  (2 votes)
Zoe LeVell
Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to Zoe LeVell's post “So what about plants that...”
So what about plants that are red or other colors? Do they simply create a differently colored pigment, or does their lack of pigment cause them to be colored differently?
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(3 votes)
Answer
- Alexander Wu
  Posted 6 years ago. Direct link to Alexander Wu's post “Plants that photosynthesi...”
  Plants that photosynthesize probably all have chlorophyll, but there might be other pigments that dominate, so that the green can’t be seen. For dying leaves, chlorophyll is broken down so that it doesn’t damage the leaf, and other pigments’ colors show.
  Comment on Alexander Wu's post “Plants that photosynthesi...”
  (2 votes)
slsutare
Posted 5 years ago. Direct link to slsutare's post “How often do these cases ...”
How often do these cases of (extra) chromosomal inheritance occur in a population?
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(2 votes)
Answer
- tyersome
  Posted 5 years ago. Direct link to tyersome's post “Maybe I'm misunderstandin...”
  Maybe I'm misunderstanding your question, but every eukaryote that has mitochondria (essentially all of them) gets those mitochondria (and the mitochondrial genome) from the previous generation.
  
  The same is true for plastids.
  
  Since most eukaryotic cells can't survive without mitochondria (or are at a severe competitive disadvantage without them), this happens for (essentially) all populations of eukaryotes more-or-less 100% of the time ...
  
  Does that help?
  Comment on tyersome's post “Maybe I'm misunderstandin...”
  (3 votes)
Angel Marie
Posted 3 years ago. Direct link to Angel Marie's post “What are the alleles for ...”
What are the alleles for mitochondrial inheritance? Why can a man inherit it from his mother but none of his own offspring can inherit it from him?
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(2 votes)
Answer
- RiverclanWarrior
  Posted a year ago. Direct link to RiverclanWarrior's post “The thing is that people ...”
  The thing is that people inherit the mitochondria from their mothers. He could get is from his mother, but being a father and not a mother himself, his children can't inherit that from him.
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  (3 votes)
RiverclanWarrior
Posted a year ago. Direct link to RiverclanWarrior's post “Also, is mitochondrial in...”
Also, is mitochondrial inheritance similar to X-linked inheritance?
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(3 votes)
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Nongmaithem Arundas Singh
Posted 7 years ago. Direct link to Nongmaithem Arundas Singh's post “disadvantage of inheritan...”
disadvantage of inheritance mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA
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(2 votes)
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- Ivana - Science trainee
  Posted 5 years ago. Direct link to Ivana - Science trainee's post “The disadvantage is when ...”
  The disadvantage is when maternal mitochondrial DNA already carries out mutation (for example recessive) which in combination with nuclear DNA which is also carrier will exhibit disease.
  
  I can only think of mitochondrial inherited diseases as for an example of a disadvantage.
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  (1 vote)