Question 1

How come quarks have fractional charges?

Accepted Answer

The idea of electrons/protons having an "elementary" (lowest level) charge was developed and set in stone before physicists realized that there were sub-sub-atomic particles (quarks) that had charges smaller than the previous elementary charge.

Question 2

what mean is by integer multiple of e

Accepted Answer

e= 1.6 x 10 to the power of -19. So essentially multiples of e will be 1.6, 3.2, 4.8 and so on which are e, 2e, 3e,.. respectively.  This are integer multiples of e.

Question 3

Quantization of charge does not work at the macroscopic level, Why?

Accepted Answer

It works. But we ignore it. suppose a body has a charge of 250C then adding an electron would mean we are adding 0.0000000....016 C to it. thus we can ignore it and assume that charge is continuously added .

Question 4

Bit of a dumb question, but how exactly do you read this: -2e or 2e? Is it something like, "2 negatively charged protons" and "2 positively charged protons" or some other way? Apologies if this has been asked somewhere already

Accepted Answer

Nope, your question isn't dumb at all! 
I believe you would call it "charge of negative two" for the first one and "charge of two". You can omit the "protons" portion as one unit of charge is already defined as the charge of one proton/electron.
Of course, you can say it slightly differently for each situation, like "the beryllium atom has a charge of two."

Cheers!

Question 5

"deficiency of electrons results in positive charge on body, while excess of electrons means body have negative charge. we do not use proton excess or deficiency terminologies because protons are way more heavier than electrons and do not move when we charge a body either negative or positive. it is electrons that just move and decides positive and negative charge on body".

just like when an neutral atom of Na(sodium) become positive charge ion because it has deficiency of 1e- but its proton remains fix on place. a case of deficiency of electrons.
                Na  ----------> Na+ +1e-

if you imaginize it other way around neutral Cl(chlorine) atom become negative charge ion for its accept a electron but its proton do not go anywhere. a case of excess of electrons.
               Cl + e-  ------------> Cl-

and i think the case is same when we say something is negative charge( have predominant electrons) or positive charge( have fewer electrons).

am i right? all about the charge.

Accepted Answer

You're partially correct, let me explain why so, only electron can transferred and not proton not because of electron is light and proton is heavy in weight, it is because energy required to pluck an electron from a neutral atom is way more less that that of proton. Energy required to pluck the Proton is very high because Protons reside inside the nucleus. And that of electrons they revolve around the nucleus in orbits(path), hence electrons are easy to be removed from atom. We need to give very very high energy to remove a proton from nucleus. Therefore electrons are used to deal the transfer of charge

Question 6

what is quantization of charge

Accepted Answer

Charge only comes in countable numbers. The smallest amount of charge that has ever been observed is the charge on the electron and/or the charge on the proton (both the same amount, but opposite type). Hence the term "quantization of charge." Quantum or "quantized" means that it is numbered or integer-countable (can come in -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, etc. but not 1.5 or pi, etc), and a quantum is essentially one of those quantized objects. The total charge on a charged object is therefore the number of individual charges, all of which are either electrons or protons, multiplied by the charge on one of them. This explains the existence of the following equation:

Q=n*e

Q=n*e

Question 7

What is the answer

Accepted Answer

What is the question?

Question 8

what happens if an object has less protons than electrons? What does it means when the charge is quantizise on an object?

Accepted Answer

if an object have less proton the electron then object is negatively charge it means that the object has more no of multiple of e
Because Quantization(q) = n x e
               where e is 1.6 x 10^-19
               And n is integer value

Term	Meaning
Elementary charge ( $e$ ‍)	Smallest possible unit of charge. Equal to the charge on one proton or the magnitude of charge on one electron, which is $1.6 \times 10^{- 19} C$ ‍. Also called electron charge. Sometimes uses symbol $q_{e}$ ‍.
Net charge	Sum of the charges on an object.
Coulomb (C)	SI unit for electric charge. The amount of charge transferred in $1 s$ ‍ by a current of $1 A$ ‍.

Course: AP®︎/College Physics 1 > Unit 10

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