Predicting bond type (metals vs. nonmetals)

- [Instructor] In a previous video, we introduced ourselves to the idea of bonds between atoms, and we talked about the types of bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic. In this video we're going to dig a little bit deeper and talk about the types of bonds that are likely to be formed between different elements. And to understand that, I'm going to introduce a broad classification of the elements, and in general, we're just going to think about things as metals and as nonmetals. So before I even point out on the periodic table of elements what are the metals and what are the nonmetals and maybe what are the ones that are in between, what are the properties of metals? Well, generally speaking, they conduct electricity. Conduct electricity. They tend to be malleable, which is just a fancy way of saying that you can bend them without breaking. And generally speaking, and there's exceptions to this, they are solid at room temperature. So I'll say solid at room temperature. Now what do you think the properties of nonmetals are going to be? Well generally speaking, they're going to be the opposite of this. Nonmetals, generally speaking, at room temperature are often not solid, they're often times gasses. They are not going to conduct electricity well. Now when you look at a periodic table of elements, how do you divide the metals from the nonmetals? Well that's what this little scratchy yellow line I'm drawing is trying to indicate. So everything above and to the right of this yellow line is a nonmetal and if you look at the color code from the folks who made this periodic table of elements, everything in this yellow color that we have here, so hydrogen and carbon and nitrogen and oxygen and fluorine, chlorine, I could keep going, these are all nonmetals. And it is the case that generally speaking at room temperature, they will be in a gas form and they will not conduct electricity well. These things in blue we've talked about in other videos, these are the noble gasses. So these are also nonmetals. The people who made this periodic table of elements put them in their own color 'cause then you could view them as a subclass of nonmetals and they tend to be very inert, they don't interact with other things. They don't tend to form any of these bonds. Now everything else, you can consider in some form to be a metal and the reason why this periodic table of elements has different colors is that there's subclassifications of the metals but generally speaking, all of these things that you see right over here below this scratchy yellow line have the properties, generally speaking, of conducting electricity, being malleable, being solid at room temperature. And these things that straddle this yellow line right over here, these things that are in this kind of bluish-green kind of color, these are sometimes viewed as metalloids because they have some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals. But generally speaking, if you know whether the things reacting are metals or nonmetals, you can oftentimes predict what type of bond is going to form. So for example, if I have a bond between a metal, a metal and a nonmetal, and a nonmetal, what type of bond do you think is going to form? Well when you bond between a net metal and a nonmetal, and we saw an example of that in that first video on bonding, say a metal like sodium, and then a nonmetal like chlorine, we saw that that chlorine will swipe an electron, the sodium might lose one, then the chlorine atom becomes a chloride anion, and then the sodium atom becomes a sodium cation and then they become attracted to each other and then you form an ionic bond. So this tends to form ionic bonds. Now what if you were to have a nonmetal with a nonmetal? Nonmetal times two, so two nonmetals bind, bound, I'm having trouble saying it, two nonmetals bonding to each other. What do you think is going to happen? Well we saw as an example in that first video where we say well what happens if oxygen bonds to oxygen? Well we saw that was a covalent bond and that is generally the case when you have two nonmetals form bonds, it is covalent. And then last but not least, and this might be the most obvious one of them all, what do you think happens when you have two metals forming a bond? Well you can imagine that will be a metallic bond where they contribute electrons to this kind of sea of electrons and that's what makes them conduct electricity so well and malleable. So I'll leave you there. There are exceptions to everything I just talked about but generally speaking, these notions will serve you well, especially in an introductory chemistry class.