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AP®︎/College Biology
Course: AP®︎/College Biology > Unit 4
Lesson 2: Signal transduction- Membrane Receptors
- Ligands & receptors
- G Protein Coupled Receptors
- Signal relay pathways
- Cellular mechanism of hormone action
- Response to a signal
- Example of a signal transduction pathway
- Cell signaling in yeast reproduction
- Cell-cell signaling in unicellular organisms
- Signal transduction
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Membrane Receptors
Learn about how membrane receptors work in our body. Created by William Tsai.
Want to join the conversation?
- is studying from all the info on these mcat videos enough to get a competitive score on the mcat exam?(11 votes)
- You should practice problems as much as possible too. It's good to know all the content, but that's useless if you don't know how to apply it. A lot of the MCAT is simply learning how to take it.(33 votes)
- If ligand is gonna be just a molecule then how can it ask or order the cell to do the required functions inside cells? I mean, its just a molecule! , what can it do at max ? It can just bind to another interface or molecule? But how can it order the cell to produce this , do that ans so on...(2 votes)
- I would watch the rest of the videos; they go into depth about the different effects that the ligand gated ion channels, G protein coupled receptors, and enzyme linked receptors can have on the cell.
Essentially the ligand is the first step in a chain of reactions which ultimately have different effects on the cell depending on the ligand.
For example, epinephrine would bind to a receptor which would have a conformational change on a g protein on the membrane which would activate adenlyl cyclase which produces cAMP which then activates a certain protein. The videos do a better job of explaining this process in depth.(18 votes)
- Why does the ligand bind in the first place? What makes it want to bind?(3 votes)
- Well, in this case, 'want' is just commonly used terminology meant to simplify descriptions of biochemical processes. Recall that the integral proteins being described in the video are just chains of amino acids- they're all just molecules! You'll remember that the speaker in the video tells us that the ligands are just various types of molecules, as well.
If you've studied chemistry you'll know at least some of the different ways that electrons are shared/exchanged and bonds are formed. That's all that dictates the conjugation of ligand with protein. The chemical components of the integral protein, along with its physical shape (the way that it folds), together exist in such a way to facilitate the creation of a bond with the appropriate ligand.(5 votes)
- Are voltage-gated Ion channels not membrane receptors?(2 votes)
- No, a voltage gated channel is just a channel that opens once a certain membrane voltage has been reached. A membrane receptor attaches to a neurotransmitter and can act in many different ways on the cell.(4 votes)
- In the case of enzyme linked receptors, are ligands considered a cofactor or coenzyme?(2 votes)
- To be fair I would rather say it is neither, but as the definition goes:
A non-protein component of enzymes is called the cofactor. If the cofactor is organic, then it is called a co-enzyme.
So to contemplate whether it is a cofactor or co-enzyme depends on the nature of the enzyme (which are usually organic).(3 votes)
- sir does integral protein and transmembrane protein is the same thing or different?(2 votes)
- As far as I know, not all integral proteins are transmembrane, some of them being embedded only on one side of the membrane or the other.(2 votes)
- A few times he says "memory receptor", did he mean membrane receptor?(1 vote)
- I think he means to say "membrane", but slurred his words a little so it sounds like "memory".(1 vote)
- Do ligands form covalent bonds or weak-interactions like h-bonds with the receptors?(1 vote)
- Normally the bonding is done by intramolecular foces. Ligands take a non active protein and inserts itself causing a conformational change resulting in work to be done by the protein.(1 vote)
- Does the protein undergo confirmation or conformation?(1 vote)
- what receptors- (means “within” cell)- can interact with DNA and start
production of certain proteins(1 vote)- Intracellular receptors are receptors that are within the cell. When the ligand binds to the receptor it creates a ligand-receptor complex that can pass through the nuclear pore of the nucleus and interact with DNA to inhibit or cause the production of proteins.(1 vote)
Video transcript
Voiceover: In this video we're gonna talk a little bit about membrane receptors. Membrane receptors are really important because they are the
things that actually allow ourselves to communicate
with the outside world. Without membrane receptors
our cells wouldn't be able to work together
and they wouldn't be able to form the human body as we know it. And so a membrane receptor
is essentially an integral protein that is embedded
in the cell membrane that takes part in communication
with the outside environment. And so for short I'm just
gonna say it's an integral protein that communicates
with the outside environment. And so the way membrane receptors work is that in our bodies
there are a bunch of these signaling molecules going around. We call these extra
cellular signaling molecules because they are outside our cells. Let's say this outside area
is the extra cellular portion. Let's say we have a
pink signaling molecule. And for the sake of
diagramming I'm gonna say it looks like a triangle. Now in reality, of course,
signaling molecules do not look like triangles. Signaling molecules can
be a variety of things. They can be ions or
molecules, essentially, that bind to another chemical entity. We also call these ligands. A ligand can be something
like a neurotransmitter or a hormone or cell
recognition molecules. And what these can do is
these can attach to our membrane receptors and trigger
changes inside the cell. I'm gonna do the membrane
receptors in a nice blue color. And remember we say
they're integral proteins. Integral proteins are proteins that go through the entire cell membrane. So let's say here we have
our nice integral protein. And so what will happen,
essentially, is this ligand will bind to our integral protein. And this integral protein, which, again, appears in our cell membrane will actually bind that nice triangle
shaped ligand that we have. Like this. And so now what we have is
our ligand receptor complex. It's just a fancy way of saying our ligand and our memory receptor have bound. And once this happens this can essentially tell the cell what to do. This can explain things
like how hormones function, how our nerve impulses work, why our cells divide, cell death. It also explains why
our cells allow certain things into the cell and
other things not, sometimes. In terms of a bigger
real world application, this is really critically important in designing pharmaceutical drugs. In fact, a very big percentage
of pharmaceutical drugs actually target our membrane receptors. This is actually why some drugs
can target specific cells. Like some drugs might
only target your liver while other drugs might target your heart. And the reason why is
because different cells might actually have different receptors. And these receptors might
bind different things. This whole process of
binding and telling the cell what to do, we actually
have a really special name for it and that's called
signal transduction. So this is a process that
we call signal transduction. What happens during
signal transduction is an extracellular signal molecule,
so this is our ligand, binds to our membrane
receptor, and these receptor proteins then cause an
intracellular response. And so after binding there will be what's called an intracellular response. And so this receptor will
bind to the protein and this will cause the protein to
actually change confirmation which then activates
intracellular signaling proteins. So proteins on the
intracellular side of the cell. And this activates a
cascade of protein signals that will alter the behavior of our cell. Sounds really complicated. Essentially the way this works is we have an original signal, our ligand. And this can be again a hormone, a neurotransmittor, something like that. And this original signal is passed along. And it'll bind to a protein
and that protein will tell other proteins inside the
cell about what's going on. And this signal is propagated
throughout the cell causing the cell to perform
a specific function. Now you'll notice that in
the diagram we actually drew a really specific
shape for our ligand. We chose a triangle. Now I chose a triangle
because it's a little easier to draw, but this triangle actually fits right into the protein that I was drawing, which has an empty triangle space. This is actually really important. Each specific receptor, so
the thing that's missing a triangle, can only bind
to a few types and often only one specific type of ligand. So it can only bind that
specific triangle pink ligand. Memory receptors allow our body and cells to transfer information and it can be very, very specific about it. This is important because when our body releases a hormone, it's
kind of floating around in our entire bloodstream. How does our pancreas know that the hormone's intended for
it and how would our heart cells not react to it? And this is why. The membrane receptors
have a very specific preference for certain
specific types of ligands. This is what we call
our lock and key model. So if we imagine our ligand as the key and our receptor protein as a lock. Our receptor protein as a
lock needs a very specific type of key in order to open it. So just like how our
keychain we might have a key to our mailbox and
a key to our front door, maybe a key to our
desk, each of these keys does something different
and opens a different lock. And that's kind of like
how our cells work. Now I just want to make a note that this is a slightly outdated model. Our updated model is actually
what we call induced fit. And these two concepts are very similar. But instead of saying
that the ligands and the membrane receptors have a
very, very specific shape, induced fit brings a
little more flexibility. And it says the ligands
and the membrane receptors can sometimes change confirmations. Kind of like how dough
can be a little squishy so that they can fit each other. Overall there are still
a ton of new membrane receptors that are being discovered. As far as we know, we can group membrane receptors into three large groups. The first group we call
ligand gated ion channels. The second group we call G
protein coupled receptors. And lastly our third group we
call enzyme linked receptors. Now in summary, essentially we have really important membrane receptors
in our cell membrane. And these are integral
proteins that allow our cells to communicate with the
outside environment. And the process in which
these integral proteins work, these memory
receptors work, is that we have a ligand which can
be an ion or a molecule. It can bind to our
integral protein causing a process that we call
signal transduction. And signal transduction
essentially means that our original signal, or
our ligand, is propagated throughout the cell as different proteins are activated causing our
intracellular response. Ligands and memory receptors
have a very specific fit. Only specific ligands
can bind with specific membrane receptors and we
call this lock and key. A more updated name for it is induced fit, in which the ligands and memory receptors are a little more flexible,
kind of like dough. Though actually slightly
alter confirmations when they fit together. And all of these membrane
receptors that we know so far can be grouped
into three major groups. Ligand gated ion channels,
G protein coupled receptors, and enzyme linked receptors.