- [voiceover] In 1851 the
Englishman Frederick Scott Archer invented the wet collodion
process of making negatives. This process allowed photographers to produce finely detailed images on paper and to print an unlimited
number of copies. These key features were improvements over the previous two photograph processes, the daguerreotype and the calotype. From 1851 until about 1880 the wet collodion process became the dominate method
for making photographs throughout Europe and North America. Producing a wet collodion image had to be done quickly and efficiently. This is because collodion,
the main chemical used, will dry up and lose its sensitivity after about 10 minutes. Photographers used portable darkrooms, so the plate could be developed immediately after it was shot. The wet collodion process
can be broken down into a number of equally critical steps. First the edges of the
glass plate are smoothed with a sharpening stone to help the collodion adhere better to the plate. The glass is polished with a solvent, such as rotten stone or glass wax. Next the glass is carefully cleaned again to remove any dust particles. This is important because
any remaining particles will show up as dark
spots on the final image. A mixture of iodides,
bromides, ether, and alcohol are added to the collodion to
help make it photosensitive. The solution is then allowed to age for (mumbling) a week prior to use. Using a method called flowing the plate, the collodion is poured carefully onto the center of the glass. The collodion enables the silver nitrate to adhere to the plate, so it is crucial that the collodion covers the entire surface. Inside the darkroom the
photographer dips the plate into a bath containing silver nitrate, the chemical that will make
the plate sensitive to light. The plate is left in the bath for about three to five minutes. The photographer then
removes the sensitized plate from the silver bath and lays
it inside the plate holder. The collodion side is placed face down so that it can receive the path of light once inside the camera. Any excess silver nitrate
is removed from the back. Once closed the plate
holder emits no light, which allows it to be safely
removed from the darkroom. in the back of the camera
the photographer makes final adjustments to the
composition to the image before inserting the plate holder. He must make any changes now, for once the holder is in place it is no longer possible
to focus the camera. The plate is exposed to
light by first pulling the dark slide out and
then removing the lens cap to expose the plate for the
required amount of time. The lens cap is then placed over the lens and the dark slide inserted
back in the plate holder. Once closed, the plate holder
is removed from the camera and brought back into the darkroom. In the darkroom the glass plate is removed from the plate holder. Developer is then poured onto the plate. It is important that
the developer is poured in an even, sweeping motion, otherwise it will leave
ridges and markings on the final image. When the photographer is
satisfied with the image, water is poured over the plate to stop the development. The exposed and developed plate is placed in a bath of fixer to
permanently preserve the image. The plate is left in the
fixer until it clears. After removal the plate is
washed thoroughly in water. After the plate is dry
it has to be varnished to protest the fragile
image surface from damage. The plate is heated to
facilitate this process. A clear coat of varnish
is applied to the plate, much as the collodion was. This must be done very carefully, since the varnish can
accidentally dissolve the image. Once the plate is varnished a print can safely be made from it. Photographers most commonly printed wet collodion negatives on albumen paper. This is made by first floating
a sheet of photographic paper on a solution made from egg whites, then floating it in a
tray of silver nitrate. After drying, the paper
is placed in contact with the negative in a printing frame. The negative is then exposed to sunlight and the image emerges during the exposure. The photographer watches it carefully to determine when to arrest exposure. The finished print is
called an albumen print. Colors range from
reddish to purplish-brown and the prints have a
lush, glossy surface. Albumen prints made from
wet collodion negatives remained extremely
popular until about 1880 when they were replaced by more industrialized
photographic methods.