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AP®︎ Calculus BC (2017 edition)
Course: AP®︎ Calculus BC (2017 edition) > Unit 1
Lesson 2: Analyzing limits graphicallyApproximating limits
Before we learn about advanced methods for finding limits exactly, let's see how we can approximate a limit using graphs or tables.
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Can't you just do the following?
(x^3 - 2x^2) / 3x - 6 =
[x^2(x-2)] / [3(x-2)] =
x^2 / 3
Substitute x with 2, and you get 4/3, which is the limit, though not the y value.(10 votes)
I think it works, since the function is continuous and cancelling expressions in the numerator and denominator are conventional for other types of limit problems.
If you were to have lim x->5 (x^2-25) / (x-5), you can expand this to:
lim x->5 (x-5)(x+5) / (x-5) and the (x-5)s cancel. (The limit is 10). So if you can do it here, why not up there, if the function is continuous?
[For this particular example, you can also just use L'Hospital's Rule.](2 votes)
Since Sal got 4/3 as his answer, does that make 0/0 = 4/3? Also, can't you just factor an (x - 2) from the numerator and denominator to get x^2 / 3?(1 vote)
It is important to remember that a limit is not the same thing as the value of the function at that point. So no, 0/0 does not equal 4/3. The function just gets closer and closer to 4/3 as x gets closer to 2. However, when x is exactly 2, the function does not equal 4/3. It is undefined because we are not allowed to divide by 0.
Your strategy of factoring out (x-2) is exactly how we would figure out the limit algebraically. Again, we can only do this because we are looking for the limit, not for the function value itself. That's because we're not allowed to divide by 0, which is exactly what we would be doing to the numerator and denominator if we canceled out the (x-2).(9 votes)
How would I solve:
lim (2x+1)/(3x-4)
x--> -infinity
Thank you!(2 votes)
1. Divide the numerator and denominator by x. As x--> inf, 1/x -->0, 4/x-->0 so the limit is 2/3.
2. Use L'Hopital's rule and differentiate the numerator and denominator w.r.t x ---> 2/3(4 votes)
- Is there any book you recommend?(3 votes)
In my opinion, there isn't any book specifically recommended for the course except the course books that schools or colleges will require. Otherwise, we can find many exercises on google about calculus limits. I would rather stick to the college/school acquired book.(1 vote)
- If the function is defined at the value, would you need to double check it with approximation? Or could you just stop there.
So in this case if when we plugged in x = 2 and it did not give us 0/0, it gave us lets say a 4. Would that be the limit? and it wouldn't need to be an approximation then?(2 votes)
If the function is continuous, and the two-sided limit is the same as x approaches the value from both sides, then you're done, you've found the limit.(2 votes)
- how to find lim 7 when x approaches to 100(1 vote)
- I understand that we are approximating the limits through graphs and tables . But what if we have to not use graphs and tables . Can't we do it in the way like lim x->2- f (x)
And lim x->2+ f (x)
Also if we do it we have to put x=2-h and x=2+h but ultimately answer turns out 0/0
Please tell(1 vote)
In this case we have 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥³ − 2𝑥²)∕(3𝑥 − 6) = 𝑥²(𝑥 − 2)∕(3(𝑥 − 2))
We have a factor (𝑥 − 2) in both the numerator and denominator, so for any 𝑥 ≠ 2 we can write 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥²∕3
Also, for any ℎ ≠ 0 we have 𝑓(2 + ℎ) = (2 + ℎ)²∕3 = (4 + 4ℎ + ℎ²)∕3
As ℎ → 0, the terms (4ℎ) and (ℎ²) become negligible and we write
𝑓(𝑥) → 4∕3 as 𝑥 → 2(1 vote)
In this case, since the graph is a reflection, he could have just looked where x=-2. When x=2, the graph would be approaching the same point (1.333)(1 vote)- At0:15, define approximate(1 vote)
- This is what Sal Khan has made this video on. Approximating the limits basically means
"The generalization of the ordinary limit for real-valued functions of several real variables."
So he is trying to find the closest possible value to the destined limit. I hope this helps ya(1 vote)
So I went to Desmos and was able to pull up the same graph, but when I found the (2, undetermined) I could not make it stay. Does anyone know how?(1 vote)
0:15Video transcript
- [Instructor] What we're
gonna do in this video is see how we can approximate limits graphically and using tables. In the future, we're also going to be able to learn techniques where
we're going to be able to directly figure out
exactly what this limit is. But for now, let's think
about how to approximate it, and I'll build our intuition for even what a limit actually is. So we want to know the
limit as x approaches two of x to the third minus 2x
squared over 3x minus six. Now, the first thing you
might wanna check out is, well, what is this expression equal to when x is exactly equal to two? And we could do that by
substituting x with two, so it'll be two to the
third power minus two times two squared over
three times two minus six. Well, this numerator over here, this is eight minus two
times four minus eight, so that's going to be equal to zero, and then the denominator
over here is six minus six. Well, that's a zero, and we end up in the indeterminate
form right over here. So this expression is not
defined for x equals two, but we can think about what
does the expression approach as x approaches two. And first, let's think about it visually. So, if we were to graph it,
and I graph this on the site Desmos, which has a nice
graphing calculator, you see the curve, y equals
this expression right over here. So this is the curve of y is equal... Let me do that in a darker color. This is equal to y is
equal to x to the third minus 2x squared over 3x minus six. And you can see, at least everywhere where I've shown it here,
and it's actually true, it's defined everywhere except
for when x is equal to two, and that's why we have
this little gap over here, showing that it is not defined. And so what I wanna do
is I wanna approximate, well, as x gets closer and closer to two, either from lower values of two or from larger values of two,
what is the value of this expression or the value of
this function approaching? And at this level of zoom, it looks like it's approaching
this value right over here, so as x gets closer and closer to two, it looks like our function
is getting closer and closer to that value there, regardless of which direction
we are approaching from, and so just approximating
it visually right over here, let's see. This is zero, this is two. This is one, right over here. This would be 1.5. At this level of zoom, it looks like it's about 1.3 or 1.4, so 1.3 or 1.4. Let's zoom in a little bit more, and if you have access
to a graphing calculator or you go to a website like
Desmos or Wolfram Alpha, you can zoom in further
and further on this graph, so I encourage you to
try that out yourself or do it with other graphs. So let's zoom in even more. So once again, we're not
defined at x equals two, but here we get a slightly better read. Let's see, this is one, this is two. The value that we are approaching as x gets closer and closer to two, we're getting, our value is
getting closer and closer to that right over there, and if we look at what y value that is, let's see, if this is... This is split into one,
two, three, four, five. So this is 1.2 right over here. This is 1.4 right over here. So it looks like it's between... So this would be 1.3 right over there. So it's a little bit more than 1.3. So a little more than 1.3. So, approximately, 1.3... Now, I do that in a lighter color. So it's approximately 1.3
something, it looks like. Let's zoom in even more to see if we can get an
even better approximation. So now, once again, we're
approaching that same value. We're not defined at x equals two, but as we're approaching
x equals two, let's see. Let me get a darker color. So, it would be right around there, and this is, let's see, this is one, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5. So once again, it looks
like it's about one point... If I were to just base it off of this, it looks like it's about 1.333 or 1.34, so I'd say approximately 1.33. So, approximately 1.33. If I were, it looks like it might be approaching 1 1/3, but
we don't know for sure. Remember, when you're
trying to figure out a limit from a graph the best
you can really do here is just approximate, try to eyeball, well, the closer x gets to two,
it looks like this function is approaching this value right over here. Now, another technique which
tends to be a little bit more precise is to try to approximate
this limit numerically. So let's do that. So let me get rid of these graphs here. We already got a sense of what the graphs can do for us. They got us to about 1.33, but now, let's try to do it numerically. So, I'm going to set up a table here, and I encourage you to do the same. So, on this column, I'll have my x, and on this column, I'm going to say, well, what is the expression
x minus 2x squared over 3x minute six equals? And we know that when x
is exactly equal to two, that this thing right
over here isn't defined, but let's see what happens
as we approach two. So let's see what happens
when we're at 1.9, or 1.99... I'll do 1.99... I'll do 1.999. And we could also see
from the other direction. We could say, well, what happens
when we approach at 2.001, and see if we are getting... If this, if both of
these values seem to be approaching something, and
so this is approaching it from lower values of x
and then we could say this was approaching it
from higher values of x. We could say 2.1, right over here. So let me get a calculator
out and evaluate these, and I encourage you to do the
same, get a calculator out, and see if you can evaluate these things. All right, so let's see. If we can evaluate it when x equals 1.9, it's going to be 1.9 to the third power minus two times... Two times 1.9 squared. 1.9 squared is equal to,
so we get that value, and then we're going to
divide by, divide by, we get, we're gonna divide
by three times 1.9 minus six, and that's going to be equal to, looks like it's about
1.203, so I'll just write approximately 1.203. Now, let's try it with a
much closer value of x. So that was just 1.9. Now let's go to 1.999. So once again, we're gonna have 1.999 to the third power, and
then minus two times, open parentheses, 1.999 squared, close the parentheses, is equal to, so that's my numerator, and then my denominator, so divided by, divided by, and now, open parentheses, three times 1.999 minus six, close my parentheses, is equal to 1.332. So this is interesting. So approximately 1.332. So numerically, I seem to be approaching that same value or
close to that same value that I was approaching graphically, and we can also do it from
values of x greater than two. Let me get my calculator
back, and I'll do some of it, and I encourage you to
finish this up on your own, and you could even try 1.999999 to see what it actually is approaching. So, for example, if I wanted to try 2.1, so that would be 2.1 to the third power, minus two times, open parentheses, 2.1 squared, and then close
parentheses is equal to, that's my numerator, divided by, open parentheses, three times 2.1 minus 6, close parentheses. That's my denominator, and I get 1.47, so approximately 1.47. So now you can think I'm
getting closer and closer to two from values larger than two. Let's see if we seem to be
approaching the same value. So now let's get even closer to two, 2.01. And I'll do this one, and
then I'll leave it up to you to see if you can get even more precise. So, two point... Actually, let's get super precise. Let's, well, let's do three zeroes here. 2.0001 to the third power minus two times, open parentheses, 2.0001. So we're getting really close. Squared, close parentheses, is equal to, so that's my numerator, divided by, open parentheses, three times 2.0001, minus six, this is my denominator. Is equal to, and notice, we're
getting closer and closer and closer to 1 1/3, 1.333... Now, five. So, we'll say approximately 1.333, and this is now for, this is actually for 2.0001. So it does indeed look like
we are approaching 1.333333, or close to, it looks like
we are approaching 1 1/3. But once again, these
are just approximations, both through the table or graphically. If you wanna find the
exact value of the limit, there are other techniques. We're going to explore those
techniques in future videos.