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Course: Multivariable calculus > Unit 4
Lesson 2: Line integrals for scalar functions (articles)Notation for integrating along a curve
There is a very compact way to express arc length integrals, which lays a foundation for writing line integrals.
What we're building to
- The arc length integralmay alternatively be written aswhere
represents the curve, and is shorthand for , representing the length of a tiny step along the curve. - When the parametric curve is given by a vector-valued function
in the range , the arc length integral looks likeIn other words, the small step along the curve is the magnitude of the derivative of - This is the standard notation for line integrals, introduced in the next article.
Writing arc length compactly
When we talked about finding the arc length of function graphs and the arc length of parametric curves, we started by setting up an integral of the form
Instead of always writing to represent a tiny change in arc length, a common convention is to express this tiny change as .
You think of as a tiny step along whatever curve we're talking about, in the same way that is a tiny step in the -direction or is a tiny step in the -direction.
Settling bound awkwardness
Throughout the last few articles, we procrastinated putting bounds on the integral
(which we now know could be written simply as .)
If everything inside the integral was written in terms of , the bounds will reflect values. If it is all in terms of , the bounds reflect values, etc.
If you are uncomfortable with your integral looking so naked but you don't want to make a commitment about which variable owns the bounds, here's what you do. You say,
"Letbe the curve defined by . . ."
and you go on defining your curve. Then you just write your integral with a little at the bottom:
This basically tells the person reading it to go find where the curve is defined, then plug in the relevant boundary values when it comes time to compute.
On the one hand, this notation is so simple as to be nearly meaningless. You might read it out loud by saying
"The arc length ofis the integral over of tiny steps along "
Silly, right? This entirely sweeps under the rug the details of what solving the arc-length problem entails, expanding and encoding the definition of into the integral.
But, that's actually the point. Part of the reason for talking about arc length integrals is to set the stage for the broader idea of line integrals. When we get to line integrals, you don't always want the full details of the curve and the tiny change in arc length to spill out into your notation. There will be other things to deal with. In that context, abstracting the arc length away to something as simple as will be a more-than-welcome simplification.
In the language of vector calculus
In vector calculus, we move away from thinking about a parametric curve as a set of parametric equations like
Instead, we think of these curves as the output of a single vector-valued function,
The derivative of a vector-valued function like this gives another vector valued function,
This gives us a very nice way to express , the length of a tiny step along the curve:
Why is this true? One way is to expand out the expression and simplify. Try it!
Alternatively, think about how we interpret vector-derivatives. Imagine standing on a value in the input space, also known as the parameter space, and getting a slight nudge of size , bringing you up to the point .
The derivative vector is the resulting "nudge" in the output space along the curve. When we multiply that derivative by the tiny amount to get
,
it's helpful to think about this as a tiny step along the curve.
Technically it's a tiny step in the tangent direction, which might be slightly off from the curve. However, as approaches , a step in the tangent direction and a step along the curve can be treated as the same thing.
The magnitude of this vector is the size of our small step along the curve, .
,
This means the arc length integral for a parametric curve defined by a function between and could look like
Actually computing this will look no different from when we thought of these curves as a set of equations, since will always expand to look like . However, people generally favor this notation. For one thing, it is compact, and for another, it generalizes well to higher dimensions.
Onward to line integrals!
Armed with this notation, and an understanding of how portrays tiny steps along a curve, you are now ready to learn about line integrals.
Want to join the conversation?
- When it says "One way is to expand out the expression |r′(t)|dt and simplify. Try it!" I don't understand the first step in the answer when you click [Answer]. How did they combine the entries of the vector like that?(5 votes)
- They are taking the Euclidean norm (or Euclidean length) of the vector, which gives its magnitude or length.(7 votes)
- Towards the end of the article, "Technically it's a tiny step in the tangent direction, which might be slightly off from the curve."
Can someone please explain how ?(2 votes) - In the second point of 'What we're building to' it says 'In other words, the small step
ds
along the curve is the magnitude of the derivative ofr⃗(t)
'. But shouldn'tds
be||r⃗'(t)dt||
?(2 votes)- It's a matter of notation. The Euclidean norm of x can be denoted by
|x|
(which also denotes the absolute value of scalars) or||x||
.(1 vote)