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Continuity at a point

Saying a function f is continuous when x=c is the same as saying that the function's two-side limit at x=c exists and is equal to f(c).

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  • blobby green style avatar for user mjr12241
    Just completed the section named Continuity at a Point (3/27/20 at ).

    Sal employed a condition in this section (and several previous sections) that says "if and only if." I know that there are two parts to this type of condition: the "if" part and the "only if" part, but I'm not quite sure why they are different. Can anyone explain that to me?

    Regards- Charlie Reynolds
    (10 votes)
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    • leaf green style avatar for user kubleeka
      If A and B are statements, then 'A if and only if B' means 'A and B are logically equivalent.' If either statement is true, so is the other. If either statement is false, so is the other. This is called a biconditional statement, and it often gets abbreviated as 'A iff B.'

      We can break the biconditional into two parts: 'A if B' and 'A only if B'.

      'A if B' can be rewritten as 'if B, then A' since the 'if' is being applied to statement B.

      'A only if B' means 'if not B, then not A'. This is the effect of the word 'only'.

      Finally, 'if not B, then not A' is equivalent to 'if A, then B.' These two statements are called the contrapositives of one another.

      So taken together, 'A iff B' means 'if A then B and if B then A'.
      (26 votes)
  • old spice man blue style avatar for user xuan
    This video should be shown from the very beginning of this Unit.
    (22 votes)
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  • blobby green style avatar for user Julie
    For the third example, at , I understand that the graph is not continuous as x approaches c; however, would the graph be continuous if you specifically said as x approaches c from the left? That statement satisfies the definition relayed at the beginning of the video
    (4 votes)
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  • leafers sapling style avatar for user 25leea49
    Why is is that the content order for this unit seems to jump around a lot in terms of the order that it should be taught? It seems like this should be one of the first lessons as it defines the definition of continuity of a point, something we used in previous lessons like solving limits.
    (6 votes)
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  • mr pink red style avatar for user Camilo Vega
    At the teacher introduce f(c) in a place different from the function...my question is what happens if this point doesn't exists. What if c is not part of the domain?
    (3 votes)
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  • sneak peak green style avatar for user Montero, Yovanny
    I know this is a silly question; more of a joke honestly. And to clarify, I know the answer. But if the formal definition of whether a function is continuous is lim_x->c f(c) = f(c), and you have a graph with a jump discontinuity at both ends of a point...

    Example f(x)={x if 0 < x < 2, 5 - x if 2 < x < 4}

    Since both the limit and f(x) are undefined at x = 2, would the formal definition be proving the graph continuous??
    (2 votes)
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  • aqualine seed style avatar for user theodorawilson
    If the function is defined over a closed interval, how will we determine continuity at the endpoints? The two-sided limits don't exist for the endpoints.
    (2 votes)
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  • starky ultimate style avatar for user Zakoriya Ahmed
    So in the limit notation, when x approaches to the given value , the y value would always be Undefined?
    (1 vote)
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  • blobby green style avatar for user Peter Lonjers
    This logic appears circular? We used the intuitive idea of continuous to create an intuitive idea of limits. Then we are using that intuitive idea of limits to create a rigorous definition of continuity. This feels wrong. We need a rigorous definition of limits first. Or at least some kind of acknowledgment of the problem of basing a rigorous definition on something we only showed intuitively.
    (1 vote)
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    • leaf green style avatar for user cossine
      No, limits are defined using the epsilon-delta definition. From this definition we only care about the value "approached". As a side note the epsilon delta definition is rigorous definition unless you have studied logic you most likely will not be able to understand it.
      (1 vote)
  • blobby green style avatar for user Hendrick Mabunda
    can i have piecewise limits for continuity which are mixed with floor function or absolute values
    (1 vote)
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Video transcript

- [Instructor] What we're going to do in this video is come up with a more rigorous definition for continuity. And the general idea of continuity, we've got an intuitive idea of the past, is that a function is continuous at a point, is if you can draw the graph of that function at that point without picking up your pencil. So what do we mean by that? And this is... What I just said is not that rigorous, or not rigorous at all, is that well, let's think about the point right over here. Let's say that's RC. If I can draw the graph at that point, the value of the function at that point without picking up my pencil, or my pen, then it's continuous there. So I could just start here, and I don't have to pick up my pencil, and there you go. I can go through that point, so we could say that our function is continuous there. But if I had a function that looked somewhat different that that, if I had a function that looked like this, let's say that it is defined up until then, and then there's a bit of a jump, and then it goes like this, well this would be very hard to draw at... This function would be very hard to draw going through x equals c without picking up my pen. Let's see, my pen is touching the screen, touching the screen, touching the screen. How do I keep drawing this function without picking up my pen? I would have to pick it up, and then move back down here. And so that is an intuitive sense that we are not continuous in this case right over here. Well let's actually come up with a formal definition for continuity, and then see if it feels intuitive for us. So the formal definition of continuity, let's start here, we'll start with continuity at a point. So we could say the function f is continuous... Continuous at x equals c. If, and only if... I'll draw this two-way arrow to show if, and only if, the two-sided limit of f of x, as x approaches c, is equal to f of c. So this seems very technical. But let's just think about what it's saying. It's saying look, if the limit as we approach c from the left and the right of f of x, if that's actually the value of our function there, then we are continuous at that point. So let's look at three examples. Let's look at one example, we are, we're... By our picking-up-the-pencil idea, it feels like we are continuous at a point. And then let's think about a couple of examples where it doesn't seem like we're continuous at a point, and see how this more rigorous definition applies. So, let's say that my function... So let's say this right over here is y is equal to f of x. And, we care about the behavior right over here when x is equal to c. This is my X-axis, that's my Y-axis. So we care about the behavior when x is equal to c. And so, notice, from our first intuitive sense, I can definitely draw this function as we go through x equals c without picking up my pencil, so it feels continuous there. There's no jumps or discontinuities that we can tell. It just kind of keeps on going. It seems all connected, is one way to think about it. But let's think about this definition. Well, the limit as x approaches c from the left, it is... As we approach from the left, it looks like it is approaching... It looks like it is approaching f of c. So this is the value, f of c right over here. And as we approach from the right, as we approach from the right, it also looks like it's approaching f of c. And we are defined right at x equals c. And it is the value that we are approaching from both the left or the right. So this seems good in this scenario. So now let's look at some scenarios that we would have to pick up the pencil as we draw the function through that point, through that... Through that... When x is equal to c. So let's look at a scenario. Let's look at a scenario where we have what's often called a point discontinuity, although you don't have to know at this point, no pun intended, the formal terminology for it. So let's say we have a function that... Let's see, this is c. Now let's say our function looks something... Something like this. So we go like this, and at c let's say it's equal to that. So, f of c is right over here. F of c would be that value. But what's the limit as x approaches c? So the limit as x approaches c, this would be a two-sided limit of f of x. Well, this is, as we approach from the left, it looks like we are approaching this value right over here. And from the right, it looks like we are approaching that same value. And so, we could call that L. And L is different than f of c. And so, in this case, by our formal definition, we will not be continuous at, for... F will not be continuous for x is equal... Or at the point x... Or when x is equal to c. And you can see that there. If we try to draw this, okay, my pencil is touching the paper, touching the paper, touching the paper. Uh oh, if I needed to keep drawing this function, I'd have to pick up my pencil, move it over here, then pick it up again and then jump right back down. And but this rigorous definition is giving us the same conclusion. The limit as we approach x equals c from the left and the right, it's a different value than f of c. And so, this is not continuous. Not... Not continuous. And let's think about another scenario. Let's think about a scenario... And actually, maybe let's think about a scenario where the limit... The two-sided limit doesn't even exist. So, there are my axes, x and y. And let's say it's doing something like this. Let's say it's doing something like this, and that it does something like this and goes like that. And let's say that this right over here is our c. And so let's see, this is f of c right over here. That is... Lemme draw a little bit neater. That is f of c. And it does look like the limit, as x approaches c from the left, so from values less than c, it does look like that is approaching f of c. But if we look at the limit as x approaches c from the right, that looks like it's approaching some other value. That looks like it's approaching this value right over here, let's call it L. That's approaching L, and L does not equal f of c. And so in this situation, the two-sided limit doesn't even exist. We're approaching two different values when we approach from the left and from the right. And since so the limit doesn't even exist at c, this is definitely not going to be continuous. And this matches up to our expectations with our little do-we-have-to-pick-up-the-pencil test. If I have to draw this, I can leave my pencil, it's on the paper, it's on the paper, it's on the paper, it's on the paper. How am I going to continue to draw this function, this graph of the function, without picking up my pencil? Pick it up, put it back down, and then keep drawing it. And so once again, this right over here is not continuous. Both intuitively, by our pick-up-the-pencil definition, and also by this more rigorous definition where, in this case the limit, the two-sided limit at x equals c doesn't even exist, so we're definitely not gonna be continuous. But even when the two-sided limit does exist, but the limit is a different value than the value of the function, that will also not be continuous. The only situation that it's going to be continuous is if the two-sided limit approaches the same value as the value of the function. And if that's true, then we're continuous. If we're continuous, that is going to be true.