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AP®︎/College Calculus AB
Unit 6: Lesson 1
Exploring accumulations of changeDefinite integrals intro
AP.CALC:
CHA‑4 (EU)
, CHA‑4.A (LO)
, CHA‑4.A.1 (EK)
, CHA‑4.A.2 (EK)
, CHA‑4.A.3 (EK)
, CHA‑4.A.4 (EK)
Definite integrals represent the area under the curve of a function and above the 𝘹-axis. Learn about the notation we use to write them and see some introductory examples.
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what is dx suppose to represent in the notation?(17 votes)
Integration basically means summing up the area of infinitesimally thin rectangles under a function in a given interval [a, b]. The infinitesimally small width of the rectangles is denoted dx. Hope this helps!(33 votes)
Is there a way can do this process without graph?(12 votes)
At1:36in the video, Sal describes the mathematical notation for the definite integral of f(x) evaluated from a to b. There is no need for a graph at all, simply find the antiderivative of f(x), then evaluate that antiderivative at b, and subtract the antiderivative evaluated at a.(20 votes)
- is this video supposed to be longer than2:27? it feels like he got cut off. I didnt really learn anything from this because it feels like he didnt finish. I also see other people in the comments saying this but with no response.(7 votes)
Nope! This is how long this specific video is supposed to be. It continues later, but that's when you're supposed to learn more.(2 votes)
- Hey hey! So there's a second coordinate plane in this video, but no graph or function. I might realize there's a continuation of this video somewhere, but wanted to catch it early in case I forget. Is there supposed to be more to this?
Thanks a bunch!(6 votes) 
Hi! I am a bit confused with what dx means in the video ... does anyone know?
Thanks!(4 votes)
dx,is always "a small change in x" it amounts to the limit of x as x goes to 0. or whatever is next tot he d(3 votes)
what is the difference between exact area and definite integral?(3 votes)- The definite integral gives you a SIGNED area, meaning that areas above the x-axis are positive and areas below the x-axis are negative. That is why if you integrate y=sin(x) from 0 to 2Pi, the answer is 0. The area from 0 to Pi is positive and the area from Pi to 2Pi is negative -- they cancel each other out.
If you want to use integration to find a geometric (or exact, as you called it) area, you have to make all of the negative areas positive. One way to do this is with absolute values or just ignoring negative areas. For example, integrating y=|sin(x)| is not fun, so you normally break that into two integrals (0 to Pi and Pi to 2Pi) and ignore negative signs in the answers.(5 votes)
Where is the video for finding the exact area using Riemann Sums?(2 votes)- (One little clarification: This is written assuming you already know what Riemann Sums are. If you don't, you can go check out the videos on that.)
It's nowhere, because there's no real way to do that. Riemann Sums are more of a way to get a sense of how much area is under the curve. We can talk about approximating with Riemann Sums, but actually evaluating them when the lines are infinitesimally small is a whole different story. There's a more precise (and most of the time easier) method called the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus that can tell you the exact answer. You can learn about that a bit later in this course. If using that doesn't work, we have computers that can approximate the area with Riemann Sums a lot more precisely than a person can, however, the answer will never be exact.
I'm a student, just like you, so I hope I know what I'm talking about, and that this response made any sense.(6 votes)
Can you combine 25pi/2 -6?(2 votes)- Using the least common denominator, 25π/2 - 12/2 = (25π-12)/2(3 votes)
Hi! So in the notation for the definite interval, you wrote 'a' towards the bottom of the symbol and 'b' at the top. Is it convention to keep the smaller value at the bottom, or can it work the other way round as well i.e. keeping the 'a' at the top and 'b' at the bottom? Thanks. Your videos are really helpful :)(1 vote)
The value at the bottom is the number the integral starts at, and the value at the top is the integral ends at. Typically, the ending value will be larger than the starting value, so the value on top will be larger. However, you can have the integral start at a large value and end at a smaller value, so the small value would be on top. (Using the second part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we can show that reversing the direction in which an integral is evaluated multiplies the integral by -1.)(4 votes)
- I think there's something wrong with the video. It says7:53minutes but it ends at2:24for me.(2 votes)
Hi Selim, this appears to be a issue on Khan Academy end. It seems like all the necessary content is covered in the video however.
I would suggest you move on to next part.(1 vote)
1:36Video transcript
- [Instructor] What we're
gonna do in this video is introduce ourselves to the
notion of a definite integral and with indefinite
integrals and derivatives this is really one of
the pillars of calculus and as we'll see, they're all related and we'll see that more
and more in future videos and we'll also get a better appreciation for even where the notation of a definite integral comes from. So, let me draw some functions here and we're actually gonna
start thinking about areas under curves. So, let me draw a coordinate axes here, so that's my Y axis, this is my X axis, actually I'm gonna do two cases. So, this is my Y axis, this is my X axis and let's say I have some function here, so this F of X right over there and let's say that this is X equals A and let me draw a line
going straight up like that and let's say that this is X equals B, just like that and what we want to do
is concern ourselves with the area under the graph, under the graph of Y is equal to F of X and above the X axis and
between these two bounds, between X equals A and X equals B, so this area right over here and you can already get an appreciation. We're not used to finding areas where one of the boundaries
or as we'll see in the future, many of the boundaries
could actually be curves but that's one of the powers
of the definite integral and one of the powers
of integral calculus. And so, the notation for
this area right over here would be the definite integral and so, we're gonna have our
lower bound at X equals A, so we'll write it there, we'll have our upper bound at X equals B, right over there. We're taking the area
under the curve of F of X, F of X and then DX. Now, in the future we're going to, especially once we start
looking at Riemann sums, we'll get a better understanding of where this notation comes from. This actually comes from Leibniz, one of the founders of calculus. This is known as the summa symbol but for the sake of this video you just need to know
what this represents. This right over here, this represents the area under F of X between X equals A and X equals B. So, this value and this expression should be the same