- [Instructor] We're asked to mark all the relative extremum
points in the graph below. So pause the video and see
if you can have a go at that, just try to maybe look at the screen and, in your head see if you can
identify the relative extrema. So now let's do this together. So there's two types of relative extrema. You have your relative maximum points, and you have your relative minimum points. And a relative maximum
point or relative minimum, they're relatively easy
(laughing) to spot out visually. You will see a relative maximum point as the high point on a hill, and the hill itself
doesn't even have to be the highest hill. For example the curve
could go at other parts of the domain of the function, could go to higher values. It could also look like
the peak of a mountain, and once again since we're talking about the relative maximum, this mountain peak doesn't
have to be the highest mountain peak. There could be higher mountains, and actually each of these peaks, each of these peaks would
be a relative maximum point. Now relative minima are the opposite. They would be the bottom of your valleys. So that's a relative minimum point. This right over here is
a relative minimum point, even if there are other
parts of the function that are lower. Now there's also an edge
case for both relative maxima and relative minima, and that's where the graph is flat. So if you have parts
of your function where it's just constant, these points would actually be both. For example, if this is our x-axis right over here, that's our x-axis, if this is our y-axis right over there, and if this is x equals c, if you construct an
open interval around c, you notice that the value
of our function at c, f of c, is at least as large as the values of the function around it. And it is also at least as small as the values of the function around it, so this point would also be considered a relative minimum point. But that's an edge case that
you won't encounter as often. So with that primer out of the way, let's identify the relative extrema. So first the relative maximum points. Well that's a top of a
hill right over there, this is the top of a hill. You might be tempted to look
at that point and that point, but notice, at this point right over here, if you go to the right, you have values that are higher than it. So it's really not at the top of a hill. And right over if you go to the left, you have values that are higher than it, so it's also not the top of a hill. And what about the
relative minimum points? Well this one right over here
is a relative minimum point. This one right over here is
a relative minimum point. And this one over here is a relative minimum point. Now let's do an example
dealing with absolute extrema. So here we're told to
mark the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum points in the graph below. So once again, pause this video and see if
you can have a go at this. So you have an absolute maximum point at let's say x equals c if and only if, so I'll write iff for if and only if, f of c is greater than or equal to f of x for all the x's in
the domain of the function. And you have an absolute minimum at x equals c if and only if, iff, f of c is less than or equal to f of x for all the x's over the domain. So another way to think about it is, absolute maximum point is the high point. So over here, that is the
absolute maximum point. And then the absolute
minimum point is interesting because in this case, it would be actually one of, it would happen at one of
the endpoints of our domain. So that is our absolute max, and this right over here is our absolute, absolute min. Now once again there is an edge case that you will not see too frequently. So for example, if this function did something like this, so if it went up like this, and then it just stayed flat like this, then this would no longer be an absolute maximum point. But any of these points
in this flat region, because they are at least
as high as any other points on our entire curve, any of those could be considered
absolute maximum points. But we aren't dealing with
that edge case in this example, and you're less likely to see that. And so in most problems, it's pretty easy to pick out. Because the absolute
highest point on the curve will often be your absolute maximum, and the absolute lowest
point on your curve will be your absolute minimum.