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# Graph of y=sin(x)

## Video transcript

- [Narrator] We're asked what are the domain and range of the sine function? So to think about that, let's actually draw the sine function out, and what I have here, on the left hand side right over here I've got a unit circle, and I can, let me truncate this a little bit. I don't need that space right there, so let me clear that out. So I have a unit circle on the left hand side right over here, and I'm gonna use that to figure out the values of sine of theta for a given theta. So, on the unit circle this is X, and this is Y, or you could even do this, as the, well, we can just use X or Y, and so for a given theta we can see where that angle entered to the terminal side of the angle intersects the unit circle, and then those, the Y coordinate of that point is going to be sine of theta. And over here I'm going to graph. Still Y in the vertical axis, but I'm gonna graph the graph of Y is equal to sine of theta. Y is equal to sine of theta, and on the horizontal axis I'm not gonna graph X, but I'm gonna graph theta. You can do theta as the independent variable here, and it's gonna be theta is going to be in radians. So we're essentially going to pick a bunch of thetas and then come up with what sine of theta is, and then graph it. So let's set up a little bit of a table here. Let's set up a little bit of a table. And so, over here I have theta, and over here we're going to figure out what sine of theta is, and we could do a bunch of theta values. We could start, we could start, let's say we start at zero. Let's say we start at theta is equal to zero. What is sine of theta gonna be? Well, when the angle is zero we intersect the unit circle right over there. The Y coordinate of this is still zero. This is the point, this is the point one comma zero. The Y coordinate is zero, so sine of theta is zero. We could say sine of zero is equal to zero. Sine of zero is equal to zero. Now let's try theta is equal to pi over two. Theta is equal to pi over two. I'm just doing the ones that are really easy to figure out. So if theta is equal to pi over two, that's the same thing as a 90 degree angle. So, the terminal side is going to be right along the Y axis just like that, and where it intersects, where it intersects the unit circle is right over here, and what point is that? Well that's the point zero comma one. So what is sine of pi over two? Well sine of pi over two is just the Y coordinate right over here. It is one. Sine of pi over two is one. Let's keep going and you might see a little pattern here. We're just going more and more around the circle. So let's think about what's, what, what happens when theta is equal to pi. When theta is equal to pi, what is sine of pi? Well, we intersect the unit circle right over there. That coordinate is negative one, zero. Sine is the Y coordinate, so this right over here is sine of pi. Sine of pi is zero. Let's go to three pi over two. Three pi over two, well now we've gone three quarters of the way around, around the circle. We intersect the terminal side of the angle intersects the unit circle right over here, and so based on that what is sine of three pi over two? Well, this point right over here is the point negative, we gotta be careful, is zero, is zero negative one. The sine of theta is the same thing as a Y coordinate if the Y coordinate is the sine of theta, so theta, when theta's pi over two sine of theta, or when theta's three pi over two sine of theta is equal to negative one. And let's come full circle. Let's come full circle here. So let's go all the way to theta equaling two pi. Let me do a color, hey, I'll just use the yellow here. What happens when theta is equal to two pi? Well then we've gone all the way around the circle, and we are back to where we started, and the Y coordinate is zero, so sine of two pi is once again zero, and if we were to keep going around, we're gonna start seeing as we keep incrementing the angle, we're gonna start seeing the same pattern emerge again. Well, let's try to graph this. So when theta is equal to zero, sine of theta is zero. When theta is equal to pi over two, when theta is equal to pi over two, pi over two, sine of theta is one. So, we'll use the same scale. So sine of theta, sine of theta is equal to one. This is, I'll just make this, this is one on this axis, and on that axis. So we can maybe see a little bit of a parallel here. When theta is equal to pi, sine of theta is zero. So when theta is equal to pi, sine of theta is zero. So we go back right over there. When theta is equal to three pi over two, so that would be right over here, three pi over two, sine of theta is negative one. So this is negative one over here. I'll do the same scale over here. I'll make this negative. I'll make, let me make down a little bit, I'll make this negative one, and so, sine of theta is negative one. And then, when theta is two pi, sine of theta is zero. So when theta is two pi, two pi, sine of theta is zero. And so we can connect the dots. You could try other points in between and you get something, you get a graph that looks something like this. It looks something like this. My best attempt at drawing it freehand. It looks something, something like this. There's a reason why curves that look like this are called sinusoids, because they're the graph of a sine function. So this like, just like this, but that's not the entire graph. We could keep going. We could go, we could add another pi over two. If you added another pi over two, so if you go to two pi, and then you add another pi over two. So you could view this as two and a half pi, or however you wanna think about it, then you're gonna go back over here. So then you're gonna get back to sine of theta being equal to one. So you're gonna go back to this point right over here, and you could keep going. You go another pi over two, you're gonna go back to this point, and you're gonna be over here, and so the curve, the curve or the function sine of theta is really defined for any theta value, any real theta value that you choose. So any theta value. Well, what about negatives? I mean obviously I agree, as you keep increasing theta like this we just keep going around and around the circle and this pattern kind of emerges, but what happens when we go in the negative direction? Well, let's try it out. What happens if we were to take, if we were to take negative pi over two? So let me do that. So negative pi over two, well, that's going right over here, and so we intersect the unit circle right over there. The Y coordinate is negative one. So sine of negative pi over two is negative one, and we see that it just continues. It just continues. So sine of theta is defined for any positive, negative, or any theta, positive or negative, non negative, zero, anything. So it's defined for anything. So, let's go back to the question. So I could just keep drawing this function on and on and on. So let's go back to the question. What is the domain, what is the domain? What is the domain of sine of the sine function? And just as a reminder, the domain are all of the inputs over which the function is defined, or all of the valid inputs into the function that the function will actually spit out a valid answer. So what is the domain of the sine function? Well, we already saw. We can put in any theta here. So you could say the domain, the domain is all, all real numbers, all real, all real numbers. Now, what about the range? What about the range? Well just as a review, the range is sometimes in more technical math classes called the image. It's the set of all the values that the function can actually take on. Well what is that set? What is the range here? What is all the values that Y equals sine of theta could actually take on? Well, we see that it keeps going between positive one, it keeps going between positive one and then to negative one and then back to positive one and then negative one. It takes on all the values in between. So you see that sine of theta, sine of theta is always going to be less than or equal to one, and it's always going to be greater than or equal to negative one. So you could say that the range of sine of theta is the set of all numbers between negative one and positive one, and it includes negative one and one, and that's why we put brackets here instead of parentheses.