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Course: Special topics in art history > Unit 2
Lesson 2: What is conservation?Scientific research glossary of terms
The British Museum uses scientific research to uncover secrets of historical artifacts. Techniques like gas chromatography mass spectrometry, radiography, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry help identify materials, origins, and construction methods. These methods ensure delicate objects are preserved and understood without causing damage. You can find out more about scientific research and conservation at the British Museum here: goo.gl/9drJt2.
Want to join the conversation?
- At1:22what would they do if they did find something inside? Would they cut part of the statue open to retrieve what is hidden within?(9 votes)
- Absolutely not! The focus is on preserving the integrity of the objects. They would just try to understand what is within with X-ray imaging.(3 votes)
Video transcript
Many of the objects we see in galleries
undergo conservation and scientific examination. Here is a glossary of terms
the British Museum's conservators and scientists use behind the scenes.
Episode one: Scientific research. The British Museum has a department with a team
dedicated to scientific research. Their task is to find out what objects are
made of where they're from and where and how th ey were constructed. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry is used to identify resins fats and waxes. A
minute sample is dissolved and injected into the chromatograph which is an oven
containing a polymer coated column. The samples move through a stream of helium
gas and emerge into a detector which produces a chromatogram. The detector
here is a mass spectrometer which splits the chemical compounds into ions
recorded as a mass spectrum to identify mixtures of materials. For example
beeswax and pine resin. Radiography uses x-rays a special type of invisible light
which can pass all the way through objects. By using x-rays we can look
inside valuable and delicate objects without opening or damaging them, so we
can answer questions about their condition, how they were made, or if
anything is hidden inside. Scanning electron microscopy is used to study
objects at magnifications up to several thousand times which is much higher than
with light microscopes. The object is viewed by scanning a beam of electrons
onto the surface and collecting the signals. These are used to produce a
clear image which appears in shades of grey for surfaces as small as one
nanometer. X-ray diffraction is used to identify
material with a crystal structure such as stone or minerals. It can also be used
to identify corrosion. X-rays are fired into an extremely small sample, bounce
inside it, then reflects out and are analysed. The speed and the angle at
which X rays are bounced back or refracted helps to tell us the object's
composition. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry or XRF identifies the
chemical elements in objects. X-rays are fired into a sample causing atoms to
emit fluorescent x-rays which work as a fingerprint for the elements. Portable
XRF can be used in situ for objects that can't be brought into the laboratories, or to detect original pigment on objects in galleries
before any conservation procedures are carried out. Scientists at the Museum use
many other research techniques listed in the Science and Conservation glossary
you can find out more by visiting The British Museum website. To understand more about work at the museum visit: www.britishmuseum.org