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Ancient Mediterranean + Europe
Course: Ancient Mediterranean + Europe > Unit 6
Lesson 2: Pottery- Greek Vase-Painting, an introduction
- Ancient Greek vase production and the black-figure technique
- Dipylon Amphora
- Dipylon Amphora
- Terracotta Krater
- Commemorating the Dead in Greek Geometric Art
- Eleusis Amphora
- Sophilos: a new direction in Greek pottery
- The François Vase: story book of Greek mythology
- Exekias, amphora with Ajax and Achilles playing a game
- Exekias, Amphora with Ajax and Achilles Playing a Game
- Exekias, Dionysos Kylix
- From tomb to museum: the story of the Sarpedon Krater
- The many meanings of the Sarpedon Krater
- Euthymides, Three Revelers
- Niobid Painter, Niobid Krater
- Niobid Krater
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From tomb to museum: the story of the Sarpedon Krater
Euphronios, Sarpedon Krater, (signed by Euxitheos as potter and Euphronios as painter), c. 515 B.C.E., red-figure terracotta, 55.1 cm diameter (National Museum Cerite, Cerveteri, Italy)
Speakers: Dr. Erin Thompson and Dr. Steven Zucker. Created by Beth Harris and Steven Zucker.
Want to join the conversation?
- Throughout the video, the speakers are stressing about the problems of tomb robbing, but how can archaeological digs not be considered tomb robbing as well?(20 votes)
- Excellent question - modern archaeological digs are done with the permission of the host nation and do everything possible to document everything uncovered. This is a painstaking process that adds to our collective knowledge and stands in sharp contrast to the permanent damage that tomb robbers inflict since they document nothing and discard everything without ready market value including ceramic shards, human remains, etc.(47 votes)
- How does keeping something in a tomb keep it in good condition? In the video, they said something about tomb raiders digging up artifacts, doesn't that mean the artifact in under soil, clay, etc? If so, why do pot and jars stay in better condition then things like bones or stone figures?(6 votes)
- I'm not an expert on this, but tombs are usually cave-like rooms that are closed off. That's why artifacts stay in good condition: there's usually a steady temperature and humidity, no sunlight and most importantly no human interference (until the looters come).
As for the 'digging up' part: sometimes there's actual digging needed, but it's also a figure of speech for archaeologists. I'm not sure if vases are always in better condition than bones or stone figures, but I guess this also depends on the materials the artifacts are made of and the care with which they are dug up.(14 votes)
- At- How do we know that there was no reading silently in the ancient world? 1:20(8 votes)
- Why would people steal things from the dead?(6 votes)
- 1) The dead have no use for things.
2) Some people who steal from graves are poor.
3) Some people who steal from graves are greedy.(8 votes)
- I do like art but tombs sounds creepy they sound like the tombs are abandon and it is creepy when this video include the grave robbers do grave robbers rob graves?(4 votes)
- A LOT of people find tombs creepy, that may be why tombs become abandoned after the memory of the person whose body was "entombed" there has faded. But when that person died, when the memory was fresh, people cared enough to entomb treasures with their friends and relatives. When the memories have faded, and often even before that, grave robbers go after the treasures. After all, someone who has died and been buried can't fight back.(2 votes)
- When did the trojan war occur and what does it have to do with art?(2 votes)
- The actual historical happening of the (or a) Trojan war is questionable. But the STORY of the Trojan war has inspired a lot of art. It's kind of like how the actual historical existency of Paul Bunyan is questionable, but the story of Paul Bunyan has inspired many chain-saw sculptures of big blue oxen.(1 vote)
- were does come from ,who came up with art(1 vote)
- The Sarpedon Krater came from Sarpedon.
The "who" who came up with art was the first person who attempted to find a way to convey the notions of the beautiful, the true and the good. Her name, alas, has been lost to history.(3 votes)
- At the end of the video, they say that reproductions can help deter looting. But how does it work? Where will reproductions be placed? Thank you.(1 vote)
- The original is kept in a safe place. The reproductions are spread all around. If people want the originals for their beauty, then reproductions can be just as beautiful. If people want the originals so that they can trade them and make money off of them, then nothing is safe, and nobody can appreciate the beauty.(2 votes)
- Has anyone seen the movie,
TROY?
It explains a lot about the Trojan War.(1 vote)- Please, don't confuse a movie based on a poem about something that may or may not have happened thousands of years ago as explaining ANYTHING!(2 votes)
- So where is the original? If they are saying that they are making copies to reduce the risk of tomb robbing.(1 vote)
- The originals are held in places like museums and private collections.(2 votes)
Video transcript
(soft piano music) - [Man] When I was in high school one of my favorite objects to visit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art was a Greek vase by an artist
whose name is Euphronios. - [Woman] This vase is
decorated by Euphronios with the scene from the Trojan war. Sarpedon, a son of Zeus has
died in the battle field and one thing that the
Greeks were afraid of if they died on the battle field it was that their bodies
would be neglected. So Zeus has sent two messengers the wing deitys Sleep and Death to take Sarpedon on back home. - [Man] They're lifting
him up so that his torso is exposed to us so that we can see the beautiful delicate
work in that abdomen. - [Woman] And the Greeks thought
that actually the best time to die was when you are
young and beautiful. You'd never have to know the
indignities of growing old. - [Man] And the painters expressed that not only for the beauty of the human body the definition of the musculature but also in a particularly
signal Greek way representing the face as serene
even in the face of death and imperfect profile. - [Woman] And you can tell Euphronios must have been very proud of this face because he signed it right across the top on one side of the head of
Hermes the messenger god who is guiding Sarpedon
soul Euphronios painted me. - [Man] Like the pot is speaking. - [Woman] And the viewers of this pot would have read these texts out loud. There is no such thing as reading out loud in the ancient world. So you can imagine them drinking wine talking about Hypnose and
Thanatose and Euphronios. - [Man] This pot is in
exceptionally good condition and that's especially clear
in the decorative banding that surrounds the major frieze
where we see the figures. There are these beautiful palmettes where the drawing remains
wonderfully sharp. - [Woman] Which is even more
incredible when you consider that Euphronios would have painted this very quickly before
the pot dried too much. - [Man] And we can see
the individual lines would have been laid down with a syringe to make a bead of color
and we're seeing it in a state that is not very different from the way it would have been seen when it was first made
about 2500 years ago. Which is why this pot was so sort after when it came on into the market. - [Woman] In 1972 the
Metropolitan museum of Art paid a million dollars for this vase. - [Woman] The director of the Metropolitan said that this vase was so important it would rewrite art history. - [Woman] He thought the
drawing was the quality of a Picasso of a Leonardo de Vinci. - [Man] Its is a stella example of attic red figure vase painting a style that we believe
this artist introduced. And it allowed for the
detailed representation of the human body that was
so important to the Greeks as they moved towards
the classical period. - [Woman] And the reason
it's so well preserved is it spent those 2500 years in a tomb in the Italian town of Cerveteri. It was purchased by the
ancient Etruscans and buried-- - [Man] So the pot was made
near Athens and was exported. Bought by an Etruscan that is the culture that existed just before Rome
and was buried in a tomb. The Etruscans are known for
their elaborate burials. - [Woman] Which preserve
things like this for us but which provide a very
tempting target for tomb robbers who try and find things in Etruscan tombs to sell on the art market. And that's exactly what
happened in the early 1970s. - [Man] When a thief identifies
a tomb and begins to dig they're looking for the
most valuable treasures which means that they're
willing to destroy everything else that
they find along the way. Tomb robbery does a reparable harm not only to objects but
to archeological evidence. - [Woman] For example we don't know whether the owner of the tomb
ever used this vase or not. Because by the time it got to Metropolitan Museum it had been cleaned and out back together. If archeologists excavate the
tomb the can see the residues on the inside of pottery to see whether they held a last funerary meal. - [Man] And that knowledge
is lost permanently it will never be recovered. This incredibly important vase could have been even more valuable. - [Woman] By analyzing residues
in pottery found in tombs we can do things like track
ecological conditions. See what climate change has been like from 2500 years ago to the present. - [Man] So how did the pot make its way from a previously unknown tomb to the Greek and Roman galleries of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and then back to Italy where it is now. - [Woman] It all started with a car crash. Police went investigating fan
that the glove box was stuffed full of photographs of
dirty broken antiquities and after doing a lot of investigating they eventually found he
was part of a smuggling ring that was headed by a
figure named Giacomo Medici who had a warehouse in Switzerland filled full of antiquities
and filled full of records. Records of this vase
being sold to a dealer who sold it the
Metropolitan Museum of Art. - [Man] This vase actually
changed more than art history. It changed the way that we understand these elaborate networks of elicit trade. - [Woman] Prior to the
purchase of this vase there've been plenty of looted antiquities bought by American Museums
but nobody really cared. The museums knew that
they're probably looted but this vase caused so much publicity. It was so beautiful people
wanted to know more about it. And then they were horrified at the thought that this ancient culture was being destroyed in order to produce a few master works like
this in American Museums. - [Man] The Museum
should have known better. But they were offered a cover story that offered just enough
plausible deniability that it allowed the museum
to turn a blind eye. Which was at this historical
moment not so uncommon. - [Woman] True, the
story they got was that this vase had been owned
by a Lebanese art collector and that his grandfather had bought it in London in the early 1990s. But they really should
have asked more questions. - [Man] So the vase ended up at The Met on a lovely pedestal in the
middle of the Greek galleries and The Met was rightfully
very proud of it. But our awareness of the damage that is done by grave robbing develops in the next couple of decades and this vase becomes
increasingly problematic. - [Woman] And once the Italians raided that warehouse in Switzerland
there is no longer any deniability for The Met. One of the things that
the Italian authorities found in this warehouse
was a polaroid of meta chip proudly pausing next to the Sarpedon vase in the Metropolitan Museum. Interestingly the way that
international law works there was no legal right for the Italians to reclaim this vase. But the public relations
aspect of it was so bad that The Met in 2006
did return it to Italy. - [Man] When the vase was repatriated that is when it was returned to Italy it went into the Etruscan museum in Rome with a lot of pomp and ceremony. This was a great achievement by the Italian law enforcement agencies. - [Woman] It was ultimately
returned to Cervetari the town where it was
dug up from illegally so many years ago. So now instead of millions
of people seeing it thousands of people do. - [Man] What is our responsibility now in the modern world? Where should objects reside? - [Woman] And another thing that changes that question is the
issue of the technological reproductions that we can make. - [Man] And so maybe our technologies do change the equation. - [Woman] Of course
looking at our reproduction it's never gonna be as good
as looking at the original. But if we look at our reproductions we're not increasing the risk of looting. So I think the sacrifice
of looking at reproductions is worthwhile to make sure that these sites aren't looted anymore that we never lose the
archeological information that goes along with the
beauty of these ancient images. (soft piano music)