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Microeconomics
Course: Microeconomics > Unit 4
Lesson 2: Market interventions and deadweight loss- Rent control and deadweight loss
- Minimum wage and price floors
- How price controls reallocate surplus
- Price ceilings and price floors
- Price and quantity controls
- The effect of government interventions on surplus
- Taxation and dead weight loss
- Example breaking down tax incidence
- Percentage tax on hamburgers
- Taxes and perfectly inelastic demand
- Taxes and perfectly elastic demand
- Economic efficiency
- Lesson Overview: Taxation and Deadweight Loss
- Tax Incidence and Deadweight Loss
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Taxation and dead weight loss
When a tax is imposed in a market this is another example of government intervention. In this video, we explore the effect of imposing a tax on the price and quantity in a market. Created by Sal Khan.
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- I don't see why the added sales tax would shift the supply curve. I would expect it to shift the demand curve to the left. It is not a cost that the producer has to bear. The consumer is now paying $4.75 for what previously cost $3.75. The producer will continue to receive the same $3.75.(27 votes)
- Timothy Stanton is right, you can achieve the same result by shifting the demand curve. However, it is more intuitive to add a "supply + tax curve", let me explain: If burgers are $5 a unit, and a $1 tax is added, the total per unit burger price will rise to say $5.50 (not to $6, remember producers and consumers share the burden of taxes). From a consumer's perspective, it does not matter if $5 goes towards producers and $.50 goes towards tax, or if the whole $5.50 goes towards producers. It is still a total cost of $5.50 for a hamburger. So whether the price rose because of tax or simply the producer's decision, it is nothing more than a price increase to the consumer. And as the law of demand states, an increase in price decreases QUANTITY demanded, not demand. So the quantity demanded should decrease (which it did) yet the demand curve remains stable. Also notice the new line is not a shift in the supply curve. It is a whole new equation represented as "supply plus the excise tax". You may even notice Sal called the new line the supply "from the consumer's perspective". The actual supply curve doesn't shift, suppliers are still producing at the original line (notice how producer surplus extends all the way to the original line, even after tax). In summary, an excise tax doesn't shift demand or supply, the curves remain stable, the market is not pareto optimal, and the excess burden of taxation (deadweight loss) takes its effect.(13 votes)
- how can you figure out the value of the dead weight loss in numbers??(4 votes)
- If supply and demand are linear, you calculate them as the area of a triangle: 1/2 x base x height.(6 votes)
- Why is the governments revenue not the area between the new supply curve and the old supply curve (the 1$ area difference?(5 votes)
- It would be, only the demand for Hamburgers falls when the cost increases.(5 votes)
- Doesn't the government spending tax dollars actually offset the 'dead weight' of taxes? Some argue that the benefit actually exceeds this loss. Is this true?(3 votes)
- You can't "offset" a deadweight loss. It's irrelevant where the money goes later - the model's deadweight is never going away. However, the loss could be worth it if the tax revenue is spent wisely. For example, some legal framework to enforce property rights via police and courts is necessary for the free-market capitalism in these models to exist at all.(10 votes)
- What does tax burden mean?(4 votes)
- When a tax is implemented, it will impact producers and consumers in certain ways depending on the elasticity of demand. Specifically, the tax burden falls on the group (producers or consumers) who bear most or all of the tax.
Take a case where demand is very elastic relative to supply. That means that when price changes, quantity demanded will change a lot and quantity supplied will change very little. If a tax is implemented, you will see that the tax burden falls on the firm in this case, as consumers react a lot to the change in price. Put another way, the change in quantity (caused by the change in price) hit the firm harder than it hit consumers.
It's hard to show without an ability to draw, but you can see this site for more info. http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/economy/policy/tools/vat/vatth3.htm(6 votes)
- AtSal says the Producer Surplus is shrunken? But is it really? 8:15
Yes the price point (before tax) is reduced from 3.75 to 3 due to the 'Consumer' shift in Supply Curve. But the producer surplus is the same area as if one were to sell the burgers at $3 each before tax comes into play.
Is it really correct to say Producer Surplus decreases? I need some clarification :$
Thanks in advance.(4 votes)- Yes, producer surplus really has decreased. You're right that it's the same producer surplus as if they sold the burgers for $3, but they're not selling them for $3. And even if they did, they wouldn't be for long, because there would be excess demand that would drive the equilibrium quantity up.
It is important to note that the price point has not been reduced from $3.75 to $3. The amount the seller receives has dropped from $3.75 to $3 as a result of the tax.
Most of the producer surplus has been lost to the government (through the tax), while the remainder is deadweight loss (which is the amount that is lost due to decreased quantity—as a result of the tax driving up the price—which is not recouped by the tax).(5 votes)
- How do I calculate subsidy?(5 votes)
- In a more realistic scenario would we also see the demand curve shift as a result of the increased supply price?(4 votes)
- I think you are missing the point of the demand curve. The curve represents the willingness of a consumer to purchase as the price gets cheaper. In this case, the supply curve shifts up because of the tax.(3 votes)
- Why doesn't the demand curve shift with a tax?(1 vote)
- It does shift left, from the producer's point of view. From the consumer's point of view, their own preferences haven't changed but supply instead has shifted left.(3 votes)
- It seems as if an increase in taxation will lead to an increase in deadweight loss. Are there any ways the same tax revenue can be raised but without any deadweight loss?(3 votes)
- I don't think so, but the tax may serve to re inject that money to the economy (in the form of welfare programs, retirement, social security, creation of jobs, etc) so that more people may have the money to buy the taxed hamburgers thus filling the dead weight loss.(1 vote)
Video transcript
Voiceover: Let's look a
little bit at the market for hamburgers. This is the supply and the
demand curve for the price and the quantity of
hamburgers sold per day. If we have a completely unfettered market, no intervention, no
taxes, nothing like that, then we see we have an equilibrium price and an equilibrium quantity. The equilibrium price
looks like it's about $3.75 per hamburger. The equilibrium quantity looks like it's about a little bit more ... Maybe if I draw that line
a little bit differently, the equilibrium quantity
looks like it's about $3 - Sorry, it's about 3.5
million hamburgers per day. Just to review what we've
talked about before, up here, below the demand
curve and above the price. The price equals $3.75
line, right over here. This is how much value,
this is how much benefit the consumers are getting above and beyond what they have to pay. That is the consumer surplus. Then, between this price equals $3.75 line and the supply curve, you
have your producer surplus. This is how much more
the producers are getting for each hamburger, relative to what their opportunity cost of producing that incremental hamburger was. This right over here is
the producer surplus. Now, let's say ... Actually these numbers
are quasi-realistic. I have a 3.5 million hamburgers per day. I actually looked it up before this video. It looks like McDonalds, at least based on the information I
got, sells a little bit over 4 million hamburgers
per day in the United States. I didn't clarify whether
this is just hamburgers from one vendor or multiple vendors, but it's not a crazy number
of hamburgers to sell in a fairly large country. For the sake of this, it's not necessarily McDonalds hamburgers,
we're just talking about this is the total market
for hamburgers in a country. We're making the simplifying assumption that all hamburgers are created equal, which we know is not true. Now, the government in this
hypothetical civilization says, "Wow, a lot of
hamburgers are being sold. "We need more revenue for the government "to do other things," or
maybe to pay off their debt or whatever they need to do. So they decide to tax hamburgers. They want to tax hamburgers. They're going to make it very simple. They're not even going to do a percentage. Most sales taxes tend to be
a percentage of the price, but instead they're just
going to do a tax of $1 per hamburger. Let's think about what
this does to the surplus, to the price at which
transactions will go on and what people will have to pay versus what they will have to get. At any given point, if we
look at the supply curve right over here, in order
to get someone to produce that very first hamburger,
they have to get at least $2 for it, because that's
their opportunity cost. They could use those exact
same resources, that land, the labor, whatever else,
to produce something else that has $2 of value, so you
have pay them at least $2 in order for them to produce hamburgers. The more hamburgers you want
the suppliers to produce you have to pay them more and more for those incremental hamburgers, because they're going
to start using resources that might have better
used for other things and that are not as efficiently
used for hamburgers. You have to pay them
more and more and more. This is what the supply
curve that I originally drew in magenta is what the
suppliers need to see in order to produce a certain quantity. If you want them to produce
3 million hamburgers, you have to be willing
to pay $3 per hamburger, because that's their opportunity cost of those incremental hamburgers up here. Now, let's think about
what happens when you add the tax. This is what the
suppliers are going to get or the producers are going to get, but when you put a tax,
the consumers are going to have to pay a dollar more. Over here, in order to produce this much, the suppliers are going to
have to get $3 per hamburger, but then the consumers are going to have to pay a dollar more,
so they're going to have to pay $1 more. In order to get the suppliers to produce 2 million hamburgers, you're
going to have to pay them this much, you're going
to have to pay them about $2.50, but then
the consumers are going to have to pay a dollar more than that. They're going to have to pay that much. In order to get them to produce it all, you're going to have to pay at least $2, but then if the suppliers
or producers are getting $2, the consumers are going to
have to pay a dollar more for the tax. One way to think about
it is the supply curve, from the consumer's point of
view, is going to be shifted a dollar more than the supply
curve from the producer's point of view. It's going to be shifted up
$1, so it's going to look something ... I can do
a better job than that. It's going to look something like that. At every point, because
this is a fixed dollar, it's not a percentage, at
every point, this distance right over here is going to be $1. What happens there? From the consumer's point
of view, what we have is now a new price that
they're willing to consume at, because now this reality
is not possible anymore. There's no way for the
consumers to pay $3.50 and for the producers
to see $3.50, as well. So we get to a new equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity now, because now, since this is from the
consumer's point of view, the point at which they
intersect is right over there, which is about a little
bit over $4 per burger and it's a slightly lower quantity. It's about, let's just say
just for round numbers, that's about 3 million burgers per day. What happened there? Before this whole area
was a total surplus. Below this green line
was the producer surplus, above the green line and
below this curve right here was the consumer surplus. Now we've lost part of it. We've lost this part right over here, so this is our dead weight loss. This is no longer part
of the total consumer and producer surplus. That is dead weight loss. The taxation got us from
an efficient situation, where we had that maximum consumer and producer surplus. This is our dead weight loss over here. How much revenue is the
government going to get now? Well, if we assume that this is 3 million, they're going to have 3 million burgers. This is 3 million right over here. They're going to have 3 million burgers times a dollar per burger. Let me do it this way. This length right over here is going to be the area of this rectangle
that I'm doing in orange. This length right over here is 3. That length right over there is 3 million and then height is that dollar. Let me shade it in. The height is that
dollar right over there. This is going to be $1 height. The tax revenue that the
government is going to get is 3 million times $1. 3 million burgers times
$1, which is going to be $3 million per day, which is interesting, because maybe the
government officials thought they were going to get
more, because they look at the projections and they say, "Wait. "There's going to be 3.5
million burgers sold per day, "so I'm going to get $3.5 million." What they didn't realize
is that they're making the burgers more
expensive, so there's going to be a lower quantity demanded. The actual clearing quantity or the actual equilibrium
quantity now is only going to be 3 million. The way we see it, it
removed this surplus here, from both the consumer surplus and the producer surplus
and no one's getting that, not even the government's getting that. No one's getting that
white part right over there and this orange part
right over here is eating into the consumer surplus,
so now they're paying more than ... Another way to think about
it is the difference between the benefit they're getting
and what they're paying at any given point, for any
given incremental consumer, is now less and the
producer surplus is less. The excess of what they're
getting for each hamburger versus their opportunity cost is now less. The producer surplus has
now been shrunken back to this area right over here
and these are curves here, so we can't just do simple
geometry to figure out the area of triangles. We would actually have
to do a little calculus to figure out the area of these curves. Then the consumer surplus
has been pushed back to this area above the
orange right over here. You see, governments, for the most part, have to do some type of
taxation in order to get revenue and it could be income tax
or it could be a sales tax, like this right over
here, but when they do it, it gets us into a non-efficient state and it does cause some,
depending on how these curves are shaped, it does cause
some dead weight loss. Some benefit in excess
of what had to be paid, some of that disappears,
but it allows, at least, the government to get
revenue, depending on whether you think that's a good thing or not.