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Enterprise value

Solving the P/E conundrum by looking at a different valuation metric (enterprise value). Created by Sal Khan.

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  • spunky sam blue style avatar for user nssafir
    How do you determine a "good" multiple?
    (19 votes)
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    • leafers tree style avatar for user Jaran
      To determine a good multiple for a sector, look at the median multiple of similar companies within the sector. What you will find is that higher profit margins and growth rates tend to increase a sector's median multiple vis-a-vis lower profit margin and lower growth sectors. The nature of the revenue will also have a large effect. For example, a cloud-based software company will generally have a higher multiple than a retail company because its "recurring" revenue is predictable. Multiples can also move cyclically. A good example is clean tech companies which were getting better multiples than they are today (I believe this is primarily related to investors' risk tolerances, but there are certainly other factors). If you are really interested in valuation, a good resource is Professor Aswath Damodaran of NYU. He has a website and several book dedicated to valuation topics. Hope that helps.
      (15 votes)
  • blobby green style avatar for user hmukumu
    I did not understand "the multiple" Why did Sal use a multiple of six? Does that have anything to do with the growth of the company?
    (17 votes)
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    • blobby green style avatar for user Jim Liu
      the multiple doesn't have to do with the growth, it is an artifact of how companies or valued, or how we determine how much companies are worth. if a company is generating $10,000 in profits this year, we would apply a certain multiple to that profit to determine how much we would pay for the company or how much we would buy the company for. i think sal just uses a very arbitrary multiple here
      (5 votes)
  • spunky sam blue style avatar for user nssafir
    What does Sal mean when he applies a multiple. What is a multiple?
    (11 votes)
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    • leafers tree style avatar for user Jaran
      Yes, a multiple is a "rule of thumb". Here's how you would "apply" the multiple: If the best multiple for the sector is price/earnings (P/E) and investors look at the most recent year's numbers, the way to estimate how much the company is to multiply the company's earnings (a.k.a. profit) by the P/E multiple. If a company had $1 million in profit and the P/E multiple for similar companies is ~15x, the estimated worth of the company would be $15 million.
      (7 votes)
  • blobby green style avatar for user William Barbera
    However, the "Enterprise Valuing Approach" still has not solved the problem! We are still paying for Equity in company B what equals half of what we would pay for Equity in company A (i.e. $9 for B and only $18 for A)though Equity in company A in reality equals 10 times Equity in company B. So, how this approach is supposed to solve the misleading approached described in the previous video?
    (12 votes)
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    • blobby green style avatar for user TJMsupplies
      I have this same question/problem. I think part of our problem stems from focusing too heavily on book value and not the market price or "going concern" value. The value of a companies assets are not simply the book value of those assets. The book value of the equity in company B is 1/10th of that of company A as you said but we are trying to value the company as a going concern and not simply at liquidation value.
      I don't know if this is correct; I'm still trying to work through it myself...
      (3 votes)
  • blobby green style avatar for user ryan
    Hi Sal, I always wonder why people calculate Enterprise Value using Market Cap instead of Equity's book value, since the actual assets being utilized by a firm to earn an operating profit are contributed by initial book value of equity instead of what the market perceives the assets are worth.
    However, some people also argue that Market Cap is used so that the future benefits of assets that will benefit the company can be measured more reliably, if so, should not the the assets utilized that are contributed by the creditors also be revalued to market value?
    This is why this formula confuses me a lot, as the equity is valued at market price while the debt is valued with historical price.....?
    The second reason that I do not agree with the way how people use Market Cap is because, the Market Cap does take volatile movement led by irrational nature of market price into account(although average price may be used, Warren Buffett and other typical value investors still believes that the market does not work as efficient as we thought, which price does not always equal value).
    Excuse me, if my explanation does not make sense, as I am a beginner in investment field, so if some of my concepts are wrong please correct me
    If possible can Sal or someone who are experts in this field help me out?
    (7 votes)
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    • leaf green style avatar for user Ryan
      A lot of calculations come down to ease of use. Market Cap is used because it is so readily available and because book value of equity doesn't necessarily give an accurate picture. You want the most accurate estimate of what a company is currently worth and the current value of their assets can differ considerably from their initial book value. Also, book values are often just estimates by management (especially when it comes to intangible assets), whereas market cap is an estimate based on the combined opinion of every market participant.

      No one is saying you HAVE to value debt at historical prices, but often times it's a lot easier. Corporate bonds trade almost exclusively through dealers, not on exchanges like stocks. They are far less liquid and therefore it is often difficult to find accurate market prices for every single debt instrument a company has issued. A large company can have hundreds of different debt issuance's all at different prices. If more accurate numbers are available, then you can make an adjustment to the equation to reflect that. Adjustments can be made to market cap as well if you feel more accurate information is available. It's often more of an art than a science.
      (5 votes)
  • female robot ada style avatar for user drewmarc
    In what way is the EV different from the (operational) assets of the company? At , Sal circles the operation's assets as if they are the EV, but later on the EV is worth much more in both restaurants.

    Also, Sal says at that the conundrum is how could the small equity on the right be valued higher than the large equity on the left. To me, it looks like people are looking forward to the large growth that comes from paying off the debt, which is why they're willing to pay the same P/E ratio. What's my mistake?
    (3 votes)
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    • leaf green style avatar for user Ryan
      The enterprise value is the value to buy the entire company. If you buy an entire company you get all the assets and are responsible for all the liabilities. So, you start with the market cap (the value of all the equity). Then you add debt and preferred shares because if you bought the company you'd also be responsible for paying these liabilities. You subtract the cash because if you bought a company with cash and received the cash the company already had, it would cancel each other out.

      Operating assets are different because they are just the assets that are used to generate profits during normal business operations. They don't factor in any of the debt you'd be responsible for paying if you took over the entire company.

      In the P/E ratio (price / earnings per share) the denominator is calculated using net income, which is the bottom line on the income statement after taxes and interest payments. If a company has a lot of debt, the interest on their debt is an expense on the income statement which lowers net income and therefore lowers earnings per share. If the denominator in the P/E ratio falls, the P/E ratio increases. So, when two company's are identical in every way, except one has some debt, the company with debt will have a higher P/E ratio. Therefore it is also possible for a smaller company that has some debt to have the same P/E ratio as a larger company with no debt. This is just an accounting metric and has nothing to do with investor expectations. But it goes to show why it is difficult to use P/E ratios to compare two companies with different levels of debt and equity.
      (11 votes)
  • piceratops tree style avatar for user david r
    I don't understand. If the P/E was "bad" because it rated two completely different companies (one completely unleveraged, and the other completely leveraged) the same (actually - Sal just decided it's 10 for both), how come the EV is better, when it gives an allmost identical rating to the same companies (200 vs. 190)?
    (3 votes)
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  • blobby green style avatar for user TJMsupplies
    I need some help understanding leverage at the beginning of this video and in the last. At point
    I understand that in relation to the equity of the company the business is leverage; the value of the assets for company B is 10x the equity whereas company A has no leverage. I understand that the return on equity for the second company will be much larger because of this leverage.
    What I'm unclear with is how a given % growth in the top line of company B translates to a greater % growth in the bottom line than it does in company A.

    Ex : Op Income grows by 15% for both companies. This translates to a 15% growth in profit for company A and a 16.7% growth for company B. Is this because of the advantage of tax deductibility of the interest expense? I feel like I'm missing something obvious.
    Thanks
    (3 votes)
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    • male robot hal style avatar for user Andrew M
      It's because the interest that company B pays does not increase as its top line increases. A higher proportion of B's total costs are fixed than is true for A. More fixed cost means higher percentage growth as top line grows.

      The tax deductibility reduces the cost of the debt but it does not change from year to year so it has nothing to do with the growth rate.
      (5 votes)
  • blobby green style avatar for user rohail mirchandani
    Hi, I was wondering if you could do a video on DCF Valuation?
    (4 votes)
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  • primosaur seed style avatar for user Lauren Hoffman
    at why does Sal subtract the debt to get the market cap?
    (3 votes)
    Default Khan Academy avatar avatar for user

Video transcript

In the price to earnings conundrum video we encountered a situation where two different entrepreneurs bought an identical asset, in this case it was a pizza parlor or a pizzeria, but they each financed it in a different way. This guy was a little bit more conservative. He paid for it outright. The entire asset was his equity. He had no debt. While this guy, he borrowed some money and he even had some non-operating assets. So he levered up. For every $1 he put in he borrowed $10 from the bank in order to buy more assets that he actually brought to the table. And we saw when you did their financial statements-- their revenue, cost of goods-- everything up to the operating profit line was the same. And that makes sense because, if you remember the first introduction to income statement video, operating profit is really indicative of what the operating assets are generating. So in this case it's what this purple area right here is generating. You could also consider that the enterprise. What the enterprise is generating. And everything below the operating line, everything below the operating profit line, is either coming from non-operating assets, that would the case of non-operating income. And the entrepreneur on the right had some of that. He had some of this non-operating income, $2,000 per year in that case. While this guy didn't have any. And then you have expenses associated with interest. Right? In this case this entrepreneur had 5% of $100,000, so $5,000 a year. And then when you have these differences in capital structure it changes what your net income is. And they have slightly different net income numbers. But what we saw is when we applied the same price to earnings ratio, and they had the same share counts-- I didn't change too many variables here I just really changed how they paid for the asset. But when you apply the same price to earnings ratio to both earning streams, to both companies, you got something that was reasonably unintuitive. And there's no trick here really. Because it's not crazy to assign the same price to earnings ratio. And if you try it out, if you grow this guy's revenue a little bit, if you actually grow both of their revenues by the same amount or both of their gross profits by the same amount or if you grow both of their operating profits by the same amount, you're actually going to see that this guy's earnings per share is growing faster. So given that someone might say, oh, because of the leverage maybe I'm willing to pay even a higher multiple. So it's not crazy to pay the same multiple for both of these guys. But we saw at the end of the last video, when you apply, let's say, a 10 multiple, or really any multiple to both of these earning streams, you get a situation that at first doesn't look crazy. OK, the market cap of this guy is $210,000 if you apply a 10 multiple to their earnings stream, while the market cap of this guy is $189,000 if you apply a 10 multiple to their earning stream. Right? 10 times 18.9 thousand is 189,000. 10 times 21 thousand is 210,000. But what was the conundrum, what really got us thinking, was how can this whole equity stream right here, or this equity, or this earnings stream be, worth 210 and this one be worth 189 when this guy only put $10,000 in initially and this guy put $100,000? He put in 10 times as much. And so when you're paying $210,000 for this asset, for this equity, you are essentially saying that this asset is worth $210,000. But if you're saying that this equity is worth $189,000, right, that's what the market cap is. It's the value of the equity. Then you're implicitly saying that this asset, that all of these assets are worth the value of this market capitalization plus this debt, right? So that's $289,000. And then if you wanted the value of this operating asset you would subtract out this much right here, the cash. So you got something like $279,000. So when you apply the same price to earnings to to these similar businesses you've actually got a situation where you're overpaying for this asset relative to this one, even though they're identical. So that left us with a question: what do we do? What can we use other than a price to earnings ratio? And that's what this video is for. So the short answer is, one, you do have to use something different. Price to earnings ratio is a good a quick way of comparing two companies relative to their growth or relative to an industry. But it does lose a lot of information relative to how the companies are capitalized. You saw in the last video that how you're capitalized, and when I say capitalized I mean how do you pay for your assets. If you have a lot of debt versus a lot of equity, what actually happens on the earnings line is very, very different. And so you lose all of that information. And so if you want to capture that information, when you look at the price of a stock you have to figure out what you're actually paying for the enterprise of the company, the enterprise value of the company. So when I talk about the enterprise, or the enterprise value, I'm talking about the operating assets. It gets a little bit more complicated if you're talking about a financial company like a bank or an insurance company. But if we're talking about a widget factory, the enterprise is essentially the assets. The enterprise value is the asset value of the assets that allow the company to do business. So whatever factories-- well, in this case it's a pizzeria, so the ovens, the building, the places, where people actually eat their food, and even the cash that's necessary to operate the business. The enterprise value shouldn't incorporate the cash that's surplus, that's not necessary to operate the business. So that begs the question, how do you calculate the enterprise value? So you could go backwards and you say, OK, for a given price how much am I paying for an enterprise value? So let's say that this stock-- let's say that Company A or this one, let's say the stock right now is trading at $20. So this is the current price that you could buy it at. So it's the asking price in the market is at $20. While this one is at, let's say it's at $10. It's at $10. So at first glance you might just do a quick price to earnings ratio. And you'll say, OK, for $20 I'm getting $2.10 earnings per year, assuming it's not growing or something. So my price to earnings is approximately, I don't know have my calculator in front of me, but $20 divided by $2.10 is going to be 9 point something, something. Right? While this guy, for $10, I am getting $1.89 of earnings per year. So what's 100 divided by 18? It's 5 or 6 times. It's going to be 5 point something. 6 times 18 is 60 plus -- Yeah it's going to be 5 point something, something. So when you superficially just look at this you're going to say, wow, this is a cheaper price to earnings ratio, maybe I should buy that. But what we saw in the last video is that price to earnings isn't a good relative valuation metric when two different companies are capitalized very differently. So what you want to do is instead back out what these prices imply about the enterprise value. So what does $20 imply about the enterprise value and what does $10 imply. And how do you do that? Well first you say what is the market cap? Market cap. So you take the price times the number of shares. If you remember, we had 10,000 shares. So in this case $20 times 10,000 shares implies a $200,000 market cap. In this case we have $10 times 10,000 shares so it implies a $100,000 market cap. Now remember, the market cap is just what's left over. So let me redraw those two diagrams because I feel like I'm-- So for this entrepreneur you have the assets and there's no debt. So the assets are kind of completely represented by the equity. So if the market cap is $200,000 you're essentially saying that these assets, these operating assets, are worth $200,000. So in this case, at a price of $20, we know that the enterprise value, the market enterprise value, so what the market is saying the enterprise is worth, the operating assets are worth, is $200,000. Now, in this case, remember the market is saying that the equity is worth $100,000. Let me draw that. The market is saying that the equity is worth $100,000. But of course this company has a lot of debt. It has another $100,000 of debt. Actually let me draw this a little bit different. All right. So in this situation the market is saying that its market cap is $100,000. So just to be proportional let me draw it like that. Not really use that one. So $100,000, this is the equity or the market capitalization or the market value of the equity. That's what the market cap is. So that's just the price times the number of shares. And then it has debt. If I remember correctly it has $100,000 in debt. We take $100,000 in debt. $100,000. And so what is it saying about the assets? So the equity plus the debt, or the liabilities, is $200,000. So it's saying all of the assets are worth $200,000. This is all of the assets, $200,000. But what we need to do, we want to figure out the value of the enterprise. Not just all of the assets. So if we remember there was some of the assets that were actually operational and some were non-operational. So we had $10,000 of cash right there. So we have $10,000 of cash. So when this stock is trading at $10 it implies a market capitalization of $100,000. It implies that the liabilities plus equity is $200,000. So all of the assets are $200,000. But if we were to subtract out the cash or the non-operating assets, what's not necessary to operate the business, we get $190,000 of enterprise value. So in this case we're saying that the enterprise value is $190,000. So in this case, when you look at the price to earnings you're like, wow, this is half as expensive as that. This is great deal, let me buy it. And I just happened to make up the numbers so even when I did the enterprise value it's only 5% cheaper. Here it looks 50% cheaper. Here it looks 5% cheaper. And so it might be a little unintuitive. To figure out the enterprise value you take, and this will be the formula you see in a lot of books. Enterprise value is equal to market cap plus debt minus cash. And you might be like, when I'm trying to value something why should I add debt back? Debt is a negative thing. Shouldn't debt make my enterprise worth less? And why am I subtracting cash? Because cash is a positive thing, shouldn't that make my enterprise value more? And the reason why, first, you subtract cash is, and it really should be just cash that is not associated with the enterprise. And you'll see a lot of people do it in different ways. Some people subtract out all cash with the argument that the company doesn't need to use any of it. But the real idea behind it is to kind of capture the assets that are actually generating the profits of the enterprise. And the profits of the enterprise are the operating profits. And the reason why you add debt is, think about it this way. If you wanted to buy out this company. Let's say from this company you wanted to buy his assets at the market price. How would you do it? You would have to pay, what? You would have to maybe get $200,000. If you got $200,000 you could buy these guys off. You could pay them $100,000 and own that. And then you could buy the bank out and pay them $100,000. So if you paid $200,000, you would own all of this. Right? This would all be your equity. And then you would get $10,000 back if you know if you wanted to take this cash, right? So you would have essentially paid $200,000 which is the market cap plus the debt. That's what you would have to do to buy out both of those stakeholders in the company. And then you would get back the cash. So you would have to pay net $190,000 to own this enterprise. And hopefully that makes a little bit more sense as why the enterprise value is actually described this way. Now the one thing you might say, OK, Sal, you figured out how to calculate enterprise value from a share price. But what if I want to go the other way around. How do I figure out what a company's enterprise value should be and then figure out what its share price should be? Well one metric, and there's two metrics. The most common metric that's used is EBITDA. EBITDA. I won't cover that now because it's a new term for you, but it means earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. And people look at something called an enterprise value to EBITDA ratio. And I'll do that in the next video. But what I like to do is just think about, OK, what are the real earnings from the enterprise? Well, that's the operating profit. That's the operating profit, right? And then you could apply a multiple to that based on what other companies are trading at or how fast it's growing. Let's say in this case we're saying they're both generating $30,000 in operating profit per year. Let's say that I want to apply a 5 multiple to its operating profits. So let's say I want to say that EV to operating profit, which I frankly think is a better metric than EV to EBITDA-- and I'll cover EBITDA in a future video-- let's say that I think for this industry it should be 5. Let me say it should be 6. 6 times is a good multiple. So in both those cases the operating profit was $30,000. So that means that EV should be $30,000 times 6, which is equal to $180,000. Now for the first guy if the EV is $180,000, if I'm saying that this thing right here, the market value, should be $180,000, then I'm implying that the equity should be worth $180,000. And there are 10,000 shares. So essentially I would take that EV and I would say, well, all of that's equity, there's no cash there, there's no debt, so all of this is equity. So I would divide that by the shares. I would say that the market cap for the first guy should be $180,000. So the per-share price, the price I'd be willing to pay, is $18. Because it had 10,000 shares. $18. Now let's take the second guy's situation. We both agree in both situations their enterprise value should be $180,000. But in this guy's case, what are the assets? The assets are the enterprise, $180,000 plus $10,000. Plus $10,000, right? This whole left-hand side is $190,000. And then if you wanted to subtract out, figure out the market cap, you would take this whole thing and then subtract out the debt to get the market cap. Right? And then you would be left with this piece right here. That right there, right? You were just figuring out this whole distance, subtracting out this distance. So essentially you would say that the market cap is equal to the enterprise value plus the cash minus the debt. And it's good to draw those balance sheets if you ever get confused. Minus the debt. So the market cap is equal to $190,000 minus $100,000 is equal to $90,000. And so if you divide that by 10,000 shares you'd say that I'm willing to pay $9 per share. So if you believe that the enterprise value of these pizzerias are identical and that they're both worth $180,000, you should be willing to pay $18 for Company A. And if you're completely equivalent to it, you should pay $9 for Company B. And now if you're a little bit more aggressive you might like the leverage, you might like how Company B is growing, et cetera. Maybe you would like to pay a premium for that leverage or maybe you wouldn't, because it also increases your risk. Because you get leverage on the upside or on the downside. But anyways I wanted to introduce you to value. On the next video I'll introduce you to EBITDA.