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Inflation overview

Gain a better understanding of what inflation is, including the definition of inflation. Created by Sal Khan.

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  • piceratops ultimate style avatar for user Agastya Rana
    Isn't most inflation now monetary inflation?
    (8 votes)
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    • blobby green style avatar for user boltonjoss
      According to Milton Friedman, yes - "Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon", and he described this using Irving Fisher's equation MV=PQ (Money supply X Velocity = Price X Quantity); there is more to his quote: "in the sense that it cannot occur without a more rapid increase in the quantity of money than in output". For this to be correct, the V part of the equation has to be fairly constant, i.e. the M is responsible for changes in inflation. However, as witness the post-crunch injections of cash into the economy via QE, the problem was with V, not M. The injections were simply lodged in banks and did not make it into the real economy, hence no V. Therefore, while I would not disagree that what we are seeing is mainly a monetary-based inflation, it is more complex - and evolving - than just a monetary phenomenon.
      (12 votes)
  • starky ultimate style avatar for user Vadym Piccini Yakubenko
    If housing prices go up with inflation, does that mean that investing your money on a house protects them, at least partially, against inflation? Or does it depend more on the specific real estate market appreciation?

    Say, like the guy Sal was talking about, I had 10.000$ in 1950. The average inflation rate from 1950 was 3.14%. Now if I do nothing with my money it would have lost 884% of its value by now. If I invest in, say, 2% return bonds I would still be left with less that what I had before. Now if I buy the house I just have to assume that I can sell it for 100k$ (approximatively the future value of 10k$ in 1950 today after inflation) in 2014 to break even with inflation.

    Can I count on that to happen? Or can it be that the house price does not appreciate as much as the general inflation rate? I would guess the second option to be true but I would like to hear your opinion on this
    (6 votes)
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    • blobby green style avatar for user Nandha
      This is one of the basic questions asked by any investor. Any investment which has very less risk will have a return rate less than that of the total inflation, However, riskier investments like stocks and real estate have high return rates when compared to inflation
      The basic goal of any investor is to stay ahead of inflation by diversifying his investments.
      (4 votes)
  • leafers ultimate style avatar for user paul.ebreo
    When the government causes inflation, how does that help it relieve its burden on its liabilities? Has that approach worked before in other countries?
    (7 votes)
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    • blobby green style avatar for user boltonjoss
      It also depends how much of your sovereign debt is held by foreigners; a currency in a country with inflation will lose value to a currency in a country with lower or no inflation. If the foreigners see you inflating they may well get nervous about the value of the currency they will be paid in, and either refuse to buy more debt, or sell existing holdings - watch China as Bernanke adds more QE.
      (2 votes)
  • blobby green style avatar for user N Venkatesh
    How do define cpi index
    (3 votes)
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  • piceratops ultimate style avatar for user Thomas Bush
    I am confused as to the real difference between price inflation and monetary inflation. Please explain. Thanks
    (4 votes)
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  • male robot hal style avatar for user Jake Koki
    So what kind of CPI increase happened in real-life over the past 5 years?
    (3 votes)
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  • piceratops ultimate style avatar for user tian1di2 jax
    why do economies always have to grow? cannot economies be like organisms and relax every once in awhile?
    (2 votes)
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    • leafers ultimate style avatar for user Andris
      Economies of today (if we assume the population is roughly constant - especially in the developed countries) grow in the long run because of technological development. The way we produce something of value from a given amount of work and capital is getting better and better with every single year. We build robots that do the manual labour in the factories, we discover new, cheaper and more efficient ways of communication, we discover ways to build up organizations which promote more efficient work, we create new institutions which help run a less corrupt and more efficient state, etc... This is why GDP / capita has been increasing in many countries at a significant pace since the Industrial Revolution.

      But note: economies do not have to grow. In the past hundreds or even thousands of years passed without much of a change, as there were new inventions only quite rarely. There are even several countries in the world today which cannot show up economic growth. So the fact that economies and thus income usually grows is not a must, it is rather a great luck that we can live in an era when this is happening.
      (3 votes)
  • blobby green style avatar for user Danny
    inflation=devaluation of money?
    (2 votes)
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    • blobby green style avatar for user John Richter
      Personally, I'd almost say "pretty much". I'd certainly be careful saying "inflation is based on items that don't change" -- as Sal noted, there is great controversy on what adjustments to the consumer basket are made over time -- 50 years ago would put us in the early stages of computer use in business, and I would be more than a bit shocked if any element of "home electronics" was in the consumer purchase basket then at all. Shows how things get complicated.
      I answered a question related to desert island with some coconuts, changing money supply, etc. on this video. The only way to measure the value of money is to attach it to its purchasing power of goods that matter to the society. In the inflation example on our desert island, a dollar went from being able to purchase a 1/10th of a coconut to being able to purchase only a 1/20th of a coconut. A dollar was 'worth' half as much, and the 100% price inflation was directly connected to that.
      (3 votes)
  • piceratops ultimate style avatar for user ???
    At Sal says that the price increasing for the house means that each dollar is worth less. Sal phrased this so that it implies that this is a bad thing. But that doesn't make sense. If the house sells for more shouldn't you be happy. You literally just got more money! Could somebody please help me with this concept?
    (2 votes)
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    • boggle blue style avatar for user x.asper
      I think I can help.
      Let's say in year one, you have 1,000 dollars worth in toilet paper & itchy masks. You don't use any of it (except some masks, stay safe). Since you're a prepper, you decide to save the precious rolls for 10 years. On year 10, you decide to see how much toilet paper & masks are now then when you bought than on year one. For simplicity, let's say the inflation rate was 1%.

      $1,000 *1% = $10
      $10 * 10 yrs = $100
      $1,000 + $100 = $1,100

      Let's now say that you don't need $1,100 of toilet paper, and you decide to sell it. You find someone who is about to throw a TP festival and they need the toilet paper badly. You sell it, making $1,100 off of it.
      But since the inflation drove the price of the toilet paper higher than it was 10 years ago, you didn't make any profit off it.
      You see what I'm getting at?
      (1 vote)
  • male robot hal style avatar for user Sean
    Why does the economy tend towards price inflation over time- why isn't the buying power of one dollar increasing as opposed to decreasing?
    (2 votes)
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Video transcript

Voiceover: Let's say I am an economist, and I am curious about whether, in general, things are getting more expensive or not, and if they are getting expensive, by how much? The way I'd approach that is, I'd think of, what are just a bunch of goods and services that the average person would buy? I would think up some type of basket of goods and services, and I would try to weight that basket, based on how people actually spend their money, so I would say, "Okay, 40% of people's money "on average are spent on housing; "maybe another 10% is spent on transportation; "maybe another 10% is spent on food," and I would go out into the market, and I would try to take an average of what these things cost, and I would sample a bunch of products, a bunch of services, so I could get a decent average of that. This is not a simple thing to do, but I am an economist, and I am serious about trying to calculate it. Let's say that when I take that weighted average of all of the stuff, I just come up with a number. I'm not giving you the details of how it's actually calculated, but to give you the idea of what they are doing. I get a number. To rent, to buy or lease your average automobile; to lease your average apartment; to buy your average servings of food for a given family; all the rest; let's say I come up with, that costs, and I'm making up a number here, let's say that it costs $20,000. My basket of goods and services. Just based on the way that I've weighted it. This is all happening in year 1. This is in year 1. I'm curious whether between year 1 and, let's say, year 5, and year 5, whether things got more expensive. I'll take that same basket of goods and services, so, basket of goods and services, and I'll try to figure out what is their weighted average cost in year 5? This is a lot harder than it might sound right now, because the baskets of goods and services change. If computers get faster, do you use the same computer, or do you think about what the average computer is, which would now be a better computer? If most people's TVs got bigger, do you use the same TV in year 1 and year 5 or do you adjust for what is now the average TV, which is now bigger? If houses have gotten bigger on average, do you use the same house, or would you use the average house? There's a whole bunch of areas here that you can really tweak, and these are actually huge subjects of debate, on what is the actual increase in cost. Let's say that you're able to do this in what you think is a pretty reasonable way, and you find that the same basket of goods, adjusted for things like technology and all of the rest, now costs $22,000. Your takeaway from here is that the same things that cost $20,000, the things that gave you the same standard of living in year 1, to get that same standard of living in year 5, you now need to spend 10% more. It's gotten $2,000 more expensive off of $20,000, so it's gotten 10% more expensive. You, as the economist, what you would say is, as the way you've defined it, your consumer price index, and this is abbreviated with CPI, consumer price index, your consumer price index is up by 10%. Or another way, based on the way you measured it, and it changes from country to country, and even within countries, they change the way that they do these basket of goods, but by the way you've measured it, you would say that price inflation, or, you would say that the price inflation has been 10% between year 1 and year 5, or in general everything got 10% more expensive, or you would need 10% more money to have the same standard of living. In general, when people are just referring to inflation, so if you just see the word "inflation" being referred to, especially in modern times, they are referring to price inflation. This general increase in the price of goods and services, measured by some type of basket of goods. There is another type of inflation, and that is monetary inflation. Monetary inflation; and they are related. Monetary inflation is inflation due purely to an increase of the money supply. This is increase in money supply. In general, if this increase in the money supply does outstrip the productive capacity of the country, it could very well lead to price inflation, but in general what people measure, when they talk about inflation, from one year to the next, they're talking about this basket of goods. They're talking about price inflation. The other thing that you'll sometimes see, maybe in year 5, someone says, "Hey; I could sell you this house," so this is in year 5, "I could sell you a house, "and this house in year 5 is $660,000." Is $660,000. Someone might ask, what would be that price if we adjusted it for inflation in year 1 dollars? What they're saying is, if you adjust for how much value your money has lost, because if things are getting more expensive, that means each dollar is being worth less. You can buy less with each dollar. When people say, "How much is that, "adjusted for inflation in year 1 money?" you're essentially saying, "What amount of money would that house "have had to cost in year 1, "that when you adjust it for inflation, "when you increase it by 10%," so that's the same thing; increasing by 10% is the same thing as multiplying by 110%, or multiplying by 1.1, so, "what amount of money would that house "had to have cost in year 1, "that if I multiply it by 1.1, "I get $660,000?" We could do a little bit of quick math here, to figure that out. If we say, let's say that, I don't know, let's call it P. P is the price of the house in year 1. I'll call it P1. That x 1.1 ... x 1.1 is going to be equal to $660,000, when you factor in the 10% inflation over these years. This is simple algebra right here. You can divide both sides by 1.1. Divide both sides by 1.1, and we get, these cancel out, you get the price of that house in year 1; $66 divided by 11 would be 6. You could work it out with a calculator, if you don't feel comfortable with what I'm about to do, but this would give you $600,000, if you work this math right out here, and you could figure out the decimals. What we could do ... I think you get the general idea here. You can use your calculator. I did this one in my head, but the general idea is, a house in year 1 that is $600,000, $600,000, if you factor in the devaluing of the currency, or how much more expensive everything got, in year 5 would cost $660,000. You might hear someone say, when they're talking about inflation, or they're talking about price increases, "This house in year 5 is $660,000, "which is equal to $600,000 in year 1 money." As an example of that, I live in a neighborhood where the houses have gotten all of a sudden, because I live in the heart of Silicon Valley, it's not a fancy neighborhood by any stretch of the imagination, but the houses now are quite expensive, and we have neighbors who moved in in the '50s, and they say, "My God; I bought our house "for $10,000, and now people "are selling these houses for so much more." The reality is, is that it is true; the house has appreciated, but $10,000 in 1950 was actually a lot, a lot, of money. Doctors and engineers did not make that much more than that much per year. I don't know the exact amount. The reality is that you actually have to adjust money for the year that you're talking about, and you have to adjust it for inflation. If you believe this 10% inflation number, hopefully people's incomes also increased by the same amount, so the same person with the same skills and the same job, who could afford the house for $600,000 in year 1 could now pay $660,000 for it, and it won't take an unusually large chunk of their expenditure. It would take the same chunk that it did in year 1. Hopefully that clarifies things a little bit, and I'll, in the future, do more videos, going into the details of inflation.