Consumer and producer surplus
Producer Surplus Looking at the supply curve as an opportunity cost curve. Understanding the producer surplus as the area between the supply curve and the market price
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- we have now talked a lot about the demand
- and the consumer surplus
- now let's look at the other side
- let's think about the supply curve
- and you could imagine that there might be
- something called the producer surplus
- so let's say that this is price axis
- this is the quantity axis
- and let's say that we are running some type of a berry farm
- and this is our supply curve
- that is the supply curve and this is our demand curve
- so that is the demand
- and just like what we did to the supply curve
- for the demand curve, now instead of thinking of a price
- think about how much quantity would be supplied
- let's think about a given quantity and think about what price
- would it have to be in order for the producers to produce
- that quantity
- and let's say that this quantity right over here this is
- in thousands of ponds of berries. thousands of ponds
- so this is 1 thousand ponds, 2 thousand ponds, 3 thousand
- ponds, 4 thousand ponds, and 5 thousand ponds.
- and let's say this price right over here is 1 dollar per pond
- $2, $3, $4, maybe I could make it more even
- so this is $3, this is $4, this is $5 per pond
- let me write this all in per pond
- so let's say that we want the suppliers to produce
- 1 thousand ponds of berries. so this is we want them to
- produce 1 thousand ponds of berries.
- what does the price have to be for them to produce
- 1 thousand ponds of berries. well think of it from the supplier
- from the berry farmers' point of view, if they are going
- to produce 1 thousand ponds of berries. in order for them
- to produce it, in order to convince them produce it.
- they have to get at minimum as much as they would get
- using the same resources to produce something else
- so if they could get a dollar per pond or equivalent in dollars
- of a dollar per pond for those first thousand ponds of a
- thousand dollars. if they could get that by producing their
- land for apple or using it to grapes or maybe renting
- out the land to someone else that's the minimum you would
- have to pay them. because if you pay them less than that
- they would go do the other thing. they would go and rent
- their land out or they will allow their land for grazing.
- so you would have to pay them the opportunity cost
- for them to produce a thousand ponds.so the opportunity
- cost for them to producing a thousand ponds would be right
- over there. and this is on average first thousand ponds
- you could also think that the very first pond, the opportunity
- cost would be right over there. and the next pond would be right
- after that. the five hundred pond would be there,
- the thousand pond would right be there. or you could say
- the first thousand pond on average would be right overthere
- now let's say that we wanted them to produce another
- thousand ponds. so we want the market or this entire farm
- to produce or maybe it's multiple farms to produce a total
- of two thousand ponds. what would we have to do
- well, same exact thing. we kind of assuming the market
- is already producing that first thousand ponds. so now we
- would have to think about what are they giving up to
- produce that next thousand ponds. and now we would
- assume that for that first thousand ponds, they would have
- used the land and the inputs that are most suitable
- so this is the most suitable resources. so we are talking
- about the labour that really knows how to grow berries
- the land where the berries are the best grown and maybe
- they are really close to transportation networks so it's much
- cheaper to produce and ship from there. but now if we want
- another two thousand ponds of berries at this time period
- and maybe this per year. if we want another thousand ponds.
- they are now going to less suitable resources
- maybe the land is slightly further away from the transportation resources
- they are now going to have labours that are slightly less
- efficient, they are going have to take land away from that
- might have been slightly more suitable for other things
- so now the opportunity cost for these growers for the next thousand ponds
- is going to be slightly higher.
- so their opportunity cost is going to be like that on average
- for the next thousand ponds. you could that the opportunity cost for the one thousand ponds will be right over there
- for the two thousand ponds would be right over there. but
- on average for the two thousand ponds. this is their opportunity cost
- now, same thing, the next thousand ponds after that If we
- want to get the market if we want the whole supply be three thousand ponds
- they would have to produce, they would have to get that
- their opportunity across that incremental thousand ponds
- that opportunity cost of that incremental thousand ponds
- so view it as this way, the supply curve no longer and it is
- the same exact curve, before we used to say, oh if we want
- how much would people produce if the price were 3 dollars
- oh they produce 3 thousand ponds, now we are looking at
- the other way, we are saying if we want the suppliers to
- produce 3 thousand ponds, what would the price actually
- have to be. now with that out of the way. now we can think
- about the supply curve is really a opportunity cost curve
- for the suppliers. and let's say that this is supply and the
- demand, and then this would be the actual price which
- supply equals demand right over there so let's
- just say that is the market price. so what's going on
- over here, all of the suppliers, so this is the price
- here let's just for making the math simple let's just say
- that price here is 4 dollars and the quantity demanded
- and the quantity supplied here is 4 thousand ponds. what's going on
- here, the very first 4 thousand pond produced by the
- suppliers, the opportunity cost for them to produce it
- would be 4 dollars. we are gonna get exactly 4 dollars for it
- so they are right on the fence. but for the first three
- thousand 999 ponds, the opportunity cost of producing it
- was lower than the price to get it, so in this situation
- the producers are getting more, for the first 3999 ponds
- they are getting more for their berries than their opportunity
- cost. and just like we talked about the consumer surplus
- this is the producer surplus. so for example for the first thousand ponds right here
- the producers, their opportunity cost was a little over a dollar a pond
- but they are getting 4 dollar a pond for it
- for the next thousand ponds, the opportunity cost is approaching
- 2 dollars per pond. like a 1.75, just eyeballing it
- once again, they are getting 4 dollars a pond for it
- so they are getting this surplus, so if you think about
- the entire market, the producers as a whole, they are getting this entire
- area, this entire area represents the excess value that they are getting above and beyond
- their opportunity cost. and we call this right over here the
- producer surplus. the producer surplus. and we are assuming
- or we will assume a linear supply curve
- right over here. this is just a triangle. the area of
- a triangle. this length right on this side is just 4-1
- it's just 3. 3 dollar per pond
- and then this length right over here is 4 thousand
- ponds. 4 thousand ponds. so to find the producer surplus
- we are just finding the area of this region
- so, let me write this, the producer surplus
- here is going to be, I will use the same color
- 3 times, I want to do it with pink
- 3 times the 4 thousand, and that would give us
- the area of this entire rectangle, so we have to divide it
- by 2. that's just finding the area of the triangle.
- so times one half. dividing by 2. and so this gives us one
- half times 4thousand is 2 thousand times 3 is 6 thousand
- and you could look at the unit it's 6 thousand
- or 3 dollar per pond times thousand of ponds per week
- so we end up with, so the, we end up with 6 thousand dollars
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