Graphs of trig functions
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Example: Graph, domain, and range of sine function
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Example: Graph of cosine
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Example: Intersection of sine and cosine
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Example: Amplitude and period
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Example: Amplitude and period transformations
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Example: Amplitude and period cosine transformations
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Example: Figure out the trig function
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Graphs of sine and cosine
Graphing trig functions Analyzing the amplitude and periods of the sine and cosine functions.
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- In this presentation we're going to learn how to graph
- trig functions without having to kind of
- graph point by point.
- And hopefully after this presentation you can also look
- at a trig function and be able to figure out the actual
- analytic definition of the function as well.
- So let's start.
- Let's say f of x.
- Let me make sure I'm using all the right tools.
- So let's say that f of x is equal to 2 sine of 1/2 x.
- So when we look at this, a couple interesting things here.
- How is this different than just the regular sine function?
- Well, here we're multiplying the whole function by 2,
- and also the coefficient on the x-term is 1/2.
- And if you've seen some of the videos I've made, you'll know
- that this term affects the amplitude and this term affects
- the period, or the inverse of the period, which
- is the frequency.
- Either way.
- It depends whether you're talking about one or the
- inverse of the other one.
- So let's start with the amplitude.
- This 2 tells us that the amplitude of this function
- is going to be 2.
- Because if it was just a 1 there the amplitude would be 1.
- So it's going to be 2 times that.
- So let's draw a little dotted line up here at y equals 2.
- And then another dotted line at y equals negative 2.
- So we know this is the amplitude.
- We know that the function is going to somehow oscillate
- between these two points, but we have to figure out how fast
- is it going to oscillate between the two points,
- or what's its period.
- And I'll give you a little formula here.
- The function is equal to the amplitude times, let's say,
- sine, but it would also work with cosine.
- The amplitude of the function times sine of 2pi divided
- by the period of the function, times x.
- This right here is a "p."
- So it might not be completely obvious where this comes from.
- But what I want you to do is maybe after this video or
- maybe in future videos we'll experiment when we see what
- happens when we change this coefficient on the x-term.
- And I think it'll start to make sense to you why
- this equation holds.
- But let's just take this as kind of an act of faith right
- now, that 2pi divided by the period is the coefficient on x.
- So if we say that 2pi divided by the period is equal to the
- coefficient, which is 1/2.
- I know this is extremely messy.
- And this is separate from this.
- So 2pi divided by the period is equal to 1/2.
- Or we could say 1/2 the period is equal to 2pi.
- Or, the period is equal to 4pi.
- So we know the amplitude is equal to 2 and the
- period is equal to 4pi.
- And once again, how did we figure out that the
- period is equal to 4pi?
- We used this formula: 2pi divided by the period is the
- coefficient on the x-term.
- So we set 2pi divided by the period equal to 1/2, and then
- we solved that the period is 4pi.
- So where do we start?
- Well, what is f of 0?
- Well, when x is equal to 0 this whole term is 0.
- So what's sine of 0?
- Sine of 0 is 0, if you remember.
- I guess you could use a calculator, but that's
- something you should remember.
- Or you could re-look at the unit circle to remind yourself.
- Sine of 0 is 0.
- And then 0 times 2 is 0.
- So f of 0 is 0.
- Right?
- We'll draw it right there.
- And we know that it has a period of 4pi.
- That means that the function is going to repeat after 4pi.
- So if we go out it should repeat back out here, at 4pi.
- And now we can just kind of draw the function.
- And this will take a little bit of practice, but-- actually I'm
- going to draw it, and then we can explore it a little
- bit more as well.
- So the function's going to look like this.
- Oh, boy.
- This is more difficult than I thought.
- And it'll keep going in this direction as well.
- And notice, the period here you could do it from here to here.
- This distance is 4pi.
- That's how long it takes for the function to repeat, or
- to go through one cycle.
- Or you could also, if you want, you could measure this
- distance to this distance.
- This would also be 4pi.
- And that's the period of the function.
- And then, of course, the amplitude of the function,
- which is this right here, is 2.
- Here's the amplitude.
- And then the period of 4pi we figured out from this equation.
- Another way we could have thought about it, let's say
- that-- let me erase some of the stuff-- let's say I didn't
- have this stuff right here.
- Let's say I didn't know what the function was.
- Let me get rid of all of this stuff.
- And all I saw was this graph, and I asked you
- to go the other way.
- Using this graph, try to figure out what the function is.
- Then we would just see, how long does it take for
- the function to repeat?
- Well, it takes 4pi radians for the function to repeat, so
- you'd be able to just visually realize that the period
- of this function is 4pi.
- And then you would say, well what's the amplitude?
- The amplitude is easy.
- You would just see how high it goes up or down.
- And it goes up 2, right?
- When you're doing the amplitude you don't do the whole swing,
- you just do how much it swings in the positive
- or negative direction.
- So the amplitude is 2.
- I'm using the wrong color.
- The period is 4pi.
- And then your question would be, well this is
- an oscillating, this is a periodic function.
- Is it a sine or is it a cosine function?
- Well, cosine function, assuming we're not doing any shifting--
- and in a future module I will shift along the x-axis-- but
- assuming we're not doing any shifting, cosine of 0 is 1.
- Right?
- And sine of 0 is 0.
- And what's this function at 0?
- Well, it's 0.
- Right?
- So this is going to be a sine function.
- So we would use this formula here.
- f of x is equal to the amplitude times the sine of 2pi
- divided by the period times x.
- So we would know that the function is f of x is equal to
- the amplitude times sine of 2pi over the period-- 4pi-- x.
- And, of course, these cancel out.
- And then this cancels out and becomes 2 sine of 1/2 x.
- I know this is a little difficult to read.
- My apologies.
- And I'll ask a question.
- What would this function look like?
- f of x equals 2 cosine of 1/2 x.
- Well, it's going to look the same but we're going to
- start at a different point.
- What's cosine of 0?
- When x is equal to 0 this whole term is equal to 0.
- Cosine of 0, we learned before, is 1.
- So f of 0 is equal to 2.
- Let me write that. f of 0 is equal to 2.
- Let me do this in a different color.
- Let me draw the cosine function in a different color.
- We would start here.
- f of 0 is equal to 2, but everything else is the same.
- The amplitude is the same and the period is the same.
- So now it's going to look like this.
- I hope I don't mess this up.
- This is difficult.
- So now the function is going to look like this.
- And you're going to go down here, and you're going
- to rise up again here.
- And on this side you're going to do the same thing.
- And keep going.
- So notice, the cosine and the sine functions
- look awfully similar.
- And the way to differentiate them is what they do-- well,
- what they do in general.
- But the easiest way is, what happens when you input
- a 0 into the function?
- What happens at the y-axis, or when x is equal to 0, or when
- the angle that you input into it is equal 0?
- Unless we're doing shifting-- and don't worry about shifting
- for now, I'll do that in future modules-- sine of 0 is 0
- while cosine of 0 would be 1.
- And since we're multiplying it times this factor right here,
- times this number right here, the 1 becomes a 2.
- And so this is the graph of cosine of x.
- This is this graph of sine of x.
- And this is a little bit of a preview for shifting.
- Notice that the pink graph, or cosine of x, is very
- similar to the green graph.
- And it's just shifted this way by-- well, in this
- case it's shifted by pi.
- Right?
- And this actually has something to do with the period
- of the coefficient.
- In general, cosine of x is actually sine of x shifted
- to the left by pi/2.
- But I don't want to confuse you too much.
- That's all the time I have for this video.
- I will now do another video with a couple of more
- examples like this.
Be specific, and indicate a time in the video:
At 5:31, how is the moon large enough to block the sun? Isn't the sun way larger?
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