Napoleon Bonaparte
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French Revolution (Part 4) - The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
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Napoleon and the Wars of the First and Second Coalitions
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Napoleon and the War of the Third Coalition
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Napoleon and the War of the Fourth Coalition
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Napoleon's Peninsular Campaigns
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French Invasion of Russia
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Napoleon Forced to Abdicate
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Hundred Days and Waterloo
Napoleon and the Wars of the First and Second Coalitions Overview of the first two coalitions against France and Napoleon's roles in them.
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- What I want to do is give you a broad overview
- of all of the wars that France was in at this time,
- and then talk about -- in a little bit more detail --
- exactly what Napoleon was up to,
- and his role in
- either beginning or ending many of these wars.
- So, you might remember, from 1792 to 1797,
- you had your war of the First Coalition.
- And the players there were
- Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.
- (I'll just write "Britain" for short.)
- And this was essentially started by the French.
- You might remember, King Louis XVI was alive then.
- He supported the war, because he thought
- that they [the French people] would lose
- and maybe reinstate him;
- or that it would make him popular.
- The revolutionaries liked the war
- because they wanted to spread the Revolution.
- And, you might remember,
- it ended at the Treaty of Campo Formio, in 1797,
- due mainly to Napoleon's victories in Italy.
- (This was Campo Formio there.)
- At that time,
- he was in charge of the Italian Campaign;
- and the government of France, at that time,
- was the Directory -- in power, to a large degree,
- because of Napoleon's ability to defend them.
- Then, from 1798-- (Let me do this in a different color.)
- From 1798 to 1802, you have the Second Coalition.
- Now, you might immediately see,
- Napoleon took power at the end of 1799.
- So this war spanned
- some of the Directory being in control,
- and some of Napoleon, as First Consul,
- being in control.
- And here the players -- once again --
- you have Austria and Great Britain --
- (They tend to be always at war with France
- in this period -- especially Great Britain.)
- And instead of Prussia, you have Russia.
- And actually, just to help you visualize
- what the Austrian Empire looked like at this time --
- and the Prussian Empire --
- (This map doesn't do it in justice.)
- -- let me go down to this map.
- That's in 1810.
- Let me go a little bit earlier here.
- This is in 1805.
- And I'll draw the boundaries
- a little bit bolder than they did.
- So this is France.
- These are the boundaries of France.
- Actually, it was able to take some territory
- in what is now Italy.
- So this is-- That is France, right there.
- I could do the whole boundary, if you like.
- But I think you get the idea.
- But the one empire that existed then,
- that doesn't exist in its current form, was Prussia.
- It doesn't even exist at all.
- There is no Prussian Empire, or Prussian nation,
- or the country of Prussia, anymore.
- You can see there [that]
- It had some overlap with Germany,
- some overlap with Poland, some [with] other countries
- -- (I won't go into detail there.)
- Then you have the Austrian Empire.
- ([The] Austrian Empire is right over there.)
- As you can see,
- it is much...it encompasses much more than just
- the modern nation, or country, of Austria.
- Then, you have the Russian Empire,
- which, you know, give or take,
- looks not too different than Russia today.
- But the big difference between [this part of] the world
- (There [are] many differences.)
- -- between the world now and the world then
- was that there was no nation of Germany.
- You had a bunch of people speaking German;
- but they were divided into
- a bunch of small little states.
- This map doesn't show it.
- Some of them were under Austrian control;
- some of them were under Prussian control.
- And this loose confederation of
- German kingdoms and states,
- this was called the Holy Roman Empire.
- Let me write that down.
- (WRITING: Holy Roman Empire.)
- And as Voltaire famously said,
- they were neither "holy," nor "Roman."
- They didn't speak Latin. They weren't Italian.
- They were German.
- It wasn't holy. This wasn't you know,
- controlled by a religious figure.
- And it wasn't an empire.
- It wasn't a tightly controlled state
- that was kind of expanding its boundaries.
- It was this loose confederation of kingdoms.
- So, that gives you a visualization
- of what the world looked like right then.
- So, with that in mind, let me go back to my overview,
- my overview, right there.
- And then, the Second Coalition, it was ended, well--
- In 1801, you had the Treaty of Luneville.
- Once again, this was a defeat of the Austrians,
- mainly due to the military capabilities.
- Napoleon was now in charge of France.
- But he led, once again,
- an Italian campaign against the Austrians.
- This is his victory in Marengo right there --
- (I'll go into a little more detail on that.)
- -- and that essentially declared victory on Austria,
- [and] allowed Napoleon to take more territory in..
- along the Italian peninsula.
- You can see it right there,
- along the Italian peninsula, right there.
- And then later he had the Treaty of Amiens
- with the British in 1802.
- And that really ended the coalition.
- I guess you could say the coalition ended in 1801,
- because Austria was out of it.
- Russia was kind of just passively observing.
- They participated, but they didn't really
- give or take or lose anything.
- And then, I could say at this point,
- the United Kingdom-- Essentially, I guess,
- the best explanation of why that it was "war fatigue."
- But we'll see that they weren't tired for long.
- Because then, in May of 1803,
- you have the beginning of your Third Coalition.
- And I'll go into a little bit more detail about this.
- [In] the Third Coalition,
- Britain declares war
- on what we could call "the French Empire."
- And this isn't going to end until 1805.
- So, you can see, Great Britain
- is essentially at war almost, well really, continuously.
- There [are] a few gaps, give or take.
- But there's always this tension.
- This is the Third Coalition.
- And once again, we have--
- (I could write "the United Kingdom," if you like;
- because they actually now [are]
- "the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland."
- You have the United Kingdom in there.
- We have Russia in there.
- And once again, we have Austria.
- And there were other players.
- There was Portugal.
- But these were the prime players.
- And we'll see in this video that this,
- the Third Coalition -- war of the Third Coalition,
- really ended with Napoleon being the
- dominant power in Europe.
- And ended with him essentially thinking that
- he is unstoppable.
- So I'll do a little bit more detail on that.
- This resulted, in 1805,
- with the then Emperor Napoleon.
- And we'll talk about how he became emperor.
- But in 1805, Napoleon -- (Maybe I should say 1806,
- because this ended at the end of 1805.) --
- Napoleon views himself as unstoppable, as invincible.
- He got some good victories that
- fed his already large ego.
- So, with this as an overview, let's, I guess,
- review a little bit of the life of Napoleon
- and the roles that he directly played
- in pretty much all of these conflicts.
- So the first time we heard about Napoleon
- was in 1793. (And I'll just draw it right here.)
- You might remember, there were all of these
- Royalist insurrections going on
- against the revolutionary government.
- And they had this bright artillery captain in Toulon,
- who put down an uprising there in 1793.
- He got some, I guess you could say,
- France-wide, or nationwide fame from doing that.
- Then in 1795, you might remember,
- the Directory was trying to get formed in Paris.
- So this is 1793.
- Then in 1795-- (Let me do a better color than that.
- That's hard to read.)
- In 1795, he was...he defended the Tuileries
- by essentially sending out that grapeshot
- and mowing down people to keep the Royalists
- from taking out the revolutionary government.
- So once again, hugely, hugely popular.
- So that was in 17...
- So all of that was occurring during the war
- of the First Coalition.
- And then, Napoleon was sent... was made the general
- in charge of the Italian campaign.
- And in 1797, he was essentially able to end
- the war of the First Coalition
- in a victorious way for France,
- by defeating Austria and Italy.
- And that ended the First Coalition
- with the Campo Formio.
- This was Napoleon.
- That was Napoleon right there.
- Then, you might remember--
- OK, you know, he's this hugely popular guy.
- He actually started publishing some newspapers.
- And he actually sent some military generals
- to put down further counterrevolutions
- on the part of the Royalists.
- So he became even more and more popular.
- And the Directory was a little bit
- afraid of him at this point. So they said,
- hey why don't you go do whatever you want.
- And that's when Napoleon, he left from Toulon,
- and he went to Egypt --
- he went to Egypt with his visions of grandeur,
- where he did all of the damage down there,
- and killed, and won multiple wars
- against the Ottomans in both Egypt and Syria.
- But unfortunately for him,
- his good friend Horatio Nelson
- destroyed his whole fleet in the Battle of the Nile.
- Horatio-- (Let me draw that in a darker color.)
- So, that is--
- Horatio Nelson destroyed his entire fleet there.
- So they were stranded.
- In 1799, Napoleon was essentially able to
- abandon all of his troops
- and then come back to France on his own.
- So this is in 1799.
- Napoleon makes his way back to France.
- And then, we saw, in the last video,
- he takes power with two of the directors
- as the three consuls of France.
- But in short order, he is able to declare himself
- as First Consul in 1799.
- (This is hard to read. Let me do this.)
- So, in 1799, he is First Consul, and is essentially
- the dictator, or the authoritarian ruler, of France.
- But [while] this was happening-- remember,
- this was all during this war of the Second Coalition.
- In 1798, you know, he wasn't much help in that war,
- he was out in Egypt doing all of these silly things.
- They were at war with Britain-- (That's why
- Horatio Nelson went and destroyed his fleet.)
- But even after he takes power at the end of 1799,
- or early 1800 they're still at war.
- So, Napoleon, he decides to take things..take charge.
- So,he leads the troops across the Alps into Italy.
- Into Italy right here.
- And once again, this pattern is emerging.
- And [in] this one, actually,
- [it] wasn't very clear in the beginning
- that it was going to go his way.
- The Italian Campaign had started very badly.
- But eventually, he was able to win against,
- once again, the Austrians
- at the Battle of Marengo and Hohenlinden.
- I know I'm probably not saying all of these well.
- But once again, through Napoleon
- directly leading the troops,
- he was able to end the war of the Second Coalition.
- And then the United Kingdom, or Great Britain,
- however you want to call it-- (Great Britain tends to...)
- Many times when people use the word "Great Britain,"
- it's referring to the entire United Kingdom
- of Great Britain and Ireland.
- If you wanted to be formal,
- "Great Britain" refers just to the island of Great Britain
- that has England and Scotland and Wales on it,
- while this is Ireland.
- But I don't [want to] keep repeatedly saying
- "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,"
- which was now united in the early 1800s.
- I'll just keep saying Great Britain.
- But there was just fatigue. So,
- the war essentially ended with Great Britain as well.
- This is, as we said before,
- this was the Treaty of Amiens.
- But very, very, very, short-lived peace.
- Because in 1803, with Napoleon still in power,
- the Third Coalition formed.
- And in the next video, we're going to see exactly
- how Napoleon was able to, once again,
- be victorious over these powers to become,
- essentially, in his mind, invincible.
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At 5:31, how is the moon large enough to block the sun? Isn't the sun way larger?
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