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Details on shifting aggregate planned expenditures
Showing how a change in government spending can lead to a new equilibrium. Created by Sal Khan.
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- if you increase government spending it is because of increased taxes. but does not increasing taxes decrease disposable income thereby there is no shift or improvement?
just a wash with consumers worse off because they are able to buy less?(8 votes)- What is studied in this video is the evolution of Ep if you change only one of its components, everything else equal.
In the real world, this means an increase of the debt. That is why Keynes said: "In the long term we are all dead" (Keynesian Economics); Keynesian thinking does not take into account long term effects.(11 votes)
- Hi, great videos Sal, thank you to all the Khanacademy, I think I've watched nearly all economics and finance videos now.
Although the Keynesian model can be criticized in many ways, (specially once you dig deeper); they all have some kind of initial logical sense. Jet this Keynesian cross is the one that I see less logical.
Wouldn't NX be a function of consumption?
further more, wouldn't investment also be a function of marginal propensity to consume? (indirectly, much of a firm's investment relies in consumer's savings and consumption).
I see that in aggregate, the Expenditure line will always match the Y income line (as it is supposed to do by double entry BK). So although it sounds logical, I see that there are so many assumptions to make to make some logic out of it. Am I wrong?(3 votes) - I'm confused here.
I was under the assumption that Y means GDP...but this video specifically says that (Y-T) is aggregate income minus taxes? Let's say my aggregate income is $100k per annum, that is a lot different from the GDP of the united states for example...
I also don't understand why the formulae is being expanded. As far as i can tell, cY = MPC (income) and cT = MPC ( taxes), where MPC is marginal propensity to consume. Am i right so far?(2 votes)- Aggregate here does not means the aggregate income of a person, but the aggregate income of an whole economy. To see how the aggregate economy of an economy is the GDP, I would reccomend you coming back a few videos on the list, but the assertion " Let's say my aggregate income is $100k per annum" makes no sense unless you're analysing an economy where only you would be included (in a Robinson Crusoé like situation...)(3 votes)
- In order to get back to an equilibrium from Y1 could I also instead of shifting the curve increase the slope (the MPC) somehow?(2 votes)
- Yes you can change the slope. If you want to steepen the Ep curve you could lower the marginal propensity to tax (t) as part of fiscal policy and vice versa, ie raise t to flatten the Ep curve. The marginal propensity to tax also forms part of the slope. Unfortunately it is difficult to change the marginal propensity to consume (c) as it is more behavioural in its characteristics and less accommodating of policy interventions, but in theory to lower c would flatten the Ep curve and to increase it would steepen it. A rotation of Ep would result.(2 votes)
- What is the significance of holding price levels constant while studying this model?(1 vote)
- One of the commonly used terms in economics is ceteris paribus, which is Latin phrase that means "other things being equal." Since in the real world there are so many factors that contribute to economics (such as taxes, inflation, unemployment, prices, subsidies, population, income, etc.), economists made that fancy ceteris paribus term to say that you can hold everything else constant while studying how a change in a single area will affect the economy. If we didn't assume everything else to be constant, economic models would be SUPER complicated and no one would want to learn economics.
Hope this answered your question!(2 votes)
- Why is excess output or subpar output always associated with investments. Why could it not affect G or NX?(2 votes)
- The government doesn't produce anything. output is the result of investment.(1 vote)
- I don't get it, how could planned investments, government spending and net exports be assumed to be constant(1 vote)
- Well, when you make a model, you have to cut corners in order to try to explain something as complicated as an open system with millions of agents.(2 votes)
- Hi
I'm slightly confused. You have said that we can't just increase Y because inventory will build up but if Y is the GDP, increasing G is increasing Y and firms respond by increasing planned expenditure?(1 vote) - Does the actual spending and consumption and market buying for a particular income happen only according to the EˆP ?(1 vote)
- Just to confirm my understanding of this video; INCREASE in government spending will lead to a decrease in income.
THE QUESTION IS: will it be a SMALLER decrease or a LARGER decrease in income?
or do you only get a big decrease in income when there is a decrease in marginal tax rate & decrease in investment along with government spending...(1 vote)- That is not correct. The video is saying that an increase in government spending will increase aggregate income. This is because you are shifting the aggregate expenditure curve upward, making the intersection move to the right. And because the slope of the aggregate expenditure curve is less than 1, the increase in income will be larger than the increase in government spending.(1 vote)
Video transcript
I want to now build on
what we did in the last video on the Keynesian Cross and planned aggregate expenditures and
fill in a little bit more on the details and think
about how this could be of useful conceptual tool
for Keynesian thinking. Let's just review a little bit. I'll rebuild our planned
aggregate expenditure function, but I'll fill in
little bit of the details. Let's say this is
planned, planned aggregate expenditures and this
is going to be equal to consumption. You'll often see it in a
book written like this: Consumption as a function
of aggregate income minus taxes and I want
to be very clear here. They're not saying that
this term should be aggregate income times aggregate income minus taxes. They're saying that
consumption is a function of this right over here;
the same way we would say that F is a function of
X, but if you give me a Y-T or essentially if
you give me a disposable income right over here, I
will give you a consumption. If you actually want to
deal with this directly mathematically, analytically,
you'd have to define what this function is, but
I'll write it like this now and in the next step
I'll actually define what our consumption function is. This is just saying an
arbitrary consumption function and it is a function of disposable income. It's going to be your
consumption function plus your planned investment,
which we're going to assume is constant, plus
government expenditures plus net exports. Plus net exports. A couple of videos ago we
built some simple models for consumption function so
let's put one of those in. Let's say that our consumption function, so aggregate consumption is a function of disposable income, as a function of income minus taxes. Let's say that's going to be equal to some autonomous expenditure plus the marginal propensity to consume. (Maybe I don't have to keep
switching colors because we've seen this before.) Plus the marginal propensity to consume times disposable income.
Times disposable income. Now you see that consumption, aggregate consumption is being defined. It's being defined as a function of disposable income. That's what that notation
right over there means. We could substitute
this function expression with this stuff in green right over here. We can say aggregate planned expenditure, is equal to, this is our
consumption function, so it's equal to (Oh,
I'll do it in that same yellow.) it's equal to
autonomous consumption plus the marginal
propensity to consume times disposable income which
is aggregate income minus taxes and then of course we have the other terms plus planned investment plus government spending plus net exports. Plus net exports. Then we can simplify
this a little bit just so it makes clear what parts
of this are constant and what parts aren't,
what parts are a function of income. For the sake of this little
lesson right over here, you might remember a few videos ago, we can have a debate
whether taxes should be a function of income or not. In the real world, taxes
really are a function of income, but for the
sake of this analysis we'll just assume that like investment, planned investment,
government spending and net exports, we'll assume for the sake of this presentation we're
going to assume this is constant. Assume that this is constant. This is constant. If we assume that that's
a constant, we can multiply (And actually even if we didn't assume it's a constant
we could still multiply, but then we'd want to
redefine this in terms of Y) but we can distribute the C1 and so we get - We get; I don't have
to keep writing that - this part right over here, we have our autonomous expenditures, (C1xY)+(C1 x aggregate
income) - the marginal propensity to consume
times taxes + all of this other stuff. Actually I could just copy and paste that, plus all of this other stuff. Let me copy it and then let me paste it. Plus all of this other
stuff and that is equal to our planned expenditures;
planned expenditures. Now we can think about well
this part right over here, this is the function,
this is how aggregate income is really driving it. Everything else is really a constant here. Let's write it in those terms. Let's write it in those terms. We have aggregate planned
expenditure is equal to the marginal propensity
to consume times our aggregate income;
times our aggregate income. That's this term right over here. I'll box it off. Everything else is a
constant, so plus the C sub 0 which was our autonomous expenditures, minus (C sub 1 X T) so the marginal propensity
to consume times T and these are both
constants for the sake of our analysis so this
whole thing is a constant and then plus all that other stuff. Then plus all of that other stuff there. This might look like a
really fancy, complicated formula, but it's actually
pretty straight forward because we're assuming for
the sake of our analysis that all of this, all
of this right over here, all of this is constant. If you were to plot this right over here, it would look something like this. Let us plot it. Really this is almost
exactly what we did in the last video, but we're now
filling in some details. Our independent variable is going to be aggregate income or
GDP, however you want to view it, and then our
vertical axis is expenditures. Expenditures. Expenditures and so if
we wanted to plot this, the constant part, this
thing right over here, if I were to redefine
this whole thing as B, that would be where we intersect the vertical axis, that B right over there. I could rewrite this whole
thing, but that would just be a pain so I'll
just call this B, but this whole thing is B and then we'd have an upward sloping line
assuming that C1 is positive. It's going to have a slope less than one. We're assuming that people
won't be able to spend more than their aggregate income. They're only going to
spend a fraction of their aggregate income. This is going to be between zero and 1. We will have our aggregate
planned expenditures would be line that might
look something like this. Aggregate planned expenditures. To think about our
Kenyesian Cross, you can't have an economy in equilibrium
if aggregate output is not equal to aggregate expenditures. To think about all of
the different scenarios where the economy is in
equilibrium, we draw a line at a 45 degree angle because
at every point on this line, output is equal to expenditures. Output is equal to
expenditures so we get our 45 degree line looks something like this. Just as a little bit of
review, what this is really saying is look out of
this, if we have this aggregate planned
expenditures, this is going to be the equilibrium point. This is the point where expenditures is equal to output. If for whatever reason
the economy is performing, is outputting above
that equilibrium point, then output which is this line. This line could be used
as output or expenditures because it's the line where they're equal to each other. This is where actual
output is outperforming planned expenditures I
should say and you have all this inventory building up. You have all this inventory
building up and so the actual investment would be larger than the planned investment
because you have all that inventory built up. If output is below equilibrium, then the planned
expenditures are higher than output and so people are essentially; the economies are going
to have to actually dig in to inventory. The actual investment is
going to be lower than the planned investment. It will be dug into a
little bit because that eating into the inventory,
it would be considered to be negative investment. Now the whole reason that
I set up this whole thing, this was all review
maybe with a little bit more detail than we did in the last video, is beyond using the
Keynesian Cross for this kind of equilibrium
analysis, is to use it to go into the Keynesian
mindset of how can we actually change the
equilibrium then because if we just change the
output, it's natural if output is too high, inventories build up. People will say oh my
inventories are building up. I'm going to produce
less, output will go down. If inventories are being eaten into, they'll produce more
and we'll go back to the equilibrium. But what if the equilibrium is not where, in our opinion, the economy should be? What if it's well below full employment? What if it's well below our potential? For example, what if the
economy's potential at full employment is an
output that is something over here. You could debate what that
point is, but how do you get it to there because
you can't just increase the supply; you can't just
increase the output; that will just make our inventories build up. From a Keynesian point
of view, we could say well you want to just
shift this actual curve and there's a bunch of
ways in which you can shift the curve. In general, you can change
any of these variables right over here, all the
things that we assumed are constant, and that
would shift the curve. For example, the government
could say hey, I'm going to take; the G was at some level. What if I pop that G up? What if I turn that into
whatever our existing G is and then we add some change in G? They add some incremental. Well now this is going
to be bigger by this increment right over here. Maybe we'll call it this right over here. What will happen to the curve? It will shift up by that increment. Let's see what happens
when we shift the curve up by that increment and I'll do that in that magenta color. If we shift this curve up by delta G, if we shift it up by delta
G, it's going to look something like this. You're not changing
the slope of the curve. That's this right over here. You're just changing its
intercept, so we just added delta G up here. This would be B, the
original B plus delta G. I guess you could say it that way. Our new planned expenditures might look something like this. Our new planned expenditures
might look something like that and that's
pretty interesting because now our equilibrium point
is at a significantly higher point. Our equilibrium point, our
change in our equilibrium, so our delta in output
actually went up by more. Our delta in output was
larger than our change in spending so it seems
like it was well worth it if you believe this analysis right here. Visually the reason why
it happened was because this line right here had a lower slope. The new intersection point
between it and essentially a slope of 1, it had
to be pushed out more. What we'll see in the
last video is that this actually works out mathematically as well. It's consistent with
what we learned about the multiplier effect and
that's actually the reason algebraically why this
is happening, why you're getting a bigger change in output than the incremental shift in demand. That's because of the
multiplier effect and we'll see it in the next video.