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But International style architecture was born of the utopian idea that innovative design could improve the lives millions and its forms recall the clarity and harmony of ancient Greek architecture. 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As the philosophy and practice of Buddhism traveled, it was shaped and reshaped first across Northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan and later in China, Japan and South East Asia. Learn how we trace the history of Buddhism through the representation of the historical Buddha and the many other buddhas that are still widely venerated today.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "buddhist-art", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax4dd36cc0", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-c-e--ancient-cultures-1/buddhist-art", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-400-c-e--ancient-cultures-1/buddhist-art", "slug": "buddhist-art", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "7c2b8361872643c2fee727020cb921dae62d8731", "translated_description": "Buddhism began when Siddhārtha renounced his princely life and succeeded in attaining enlightenment.  As the philosophy and practice of Buddhism traveled, it was shaped and reshaped first across Northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan and later in China, Japan and South East Asia. 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In the 15th century, the duchy of Burgundy was one of the most powerful regions in Europe, and stretched from what is today central France up to what is today Belgium and Holland. The home of the Dukes of Burgundy was Dijon, and Duke Philip the Bold commissioned some of the century's greatest works there, including a Carthusian monastery just outside the city walls, where he hoped to be buried so the monks could pray for his soul for eternity. He hired some of the most brilliant artists in Europe to work for him there, including Claus Sluter. Very little of the monastery survives today, but thankfully Sluter’s great work, The Well of Moses, can still be seen there.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "burgundy", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axb5a58586", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/burgundy", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/burgundy", "slug": "burgundy", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "e9919629fea74be10f443d782b88263ee5e6bf16", "translated_description": "No, not the color and not the wine! In the 15th century, the duchy of Burgundy was one of the most powerful regions in Europe, and stretched from what is today central France up to what is today Belgium and Holland. 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Figures float in ethereal gold heavenly spaces in mosaics, and we find intricate carvings made from ivory, a luxurious material imported from Africa.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "byzantine", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax081edb05", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/byzantine", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/byzantine", "slug": "byzantine", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "8f246f3a37aa3512402b7cb474cc4697ce385bfa", "translated_description": "Today, we know the city of Constantinople as Istanbul (in fact there’s a song about that!). But even before it was Constantinople, it was the ancient city of Byzantium, and it was renamed Constantinople (city of Constantine) by none other than the Emperor Constantine himself (it’s good to be the emperor!). From there a succession of emperors ruled the Byzantine empire as the Roman empire dissolved. For two centuries, the Byzantine empire even included the Italian city of Ravenna, where  many churches decorated with astoundingly beautiful mosaics can still be found. In Byzantine art we see a departure from the naturalism of the ancient Greek and Roman world. Figures float in ethereal gold heavenly spaces in mosaics, and we find intricate carvings made from ivory, a luxurious material imported from Africa.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "8f246f3a37aa3512402b7cb474cc4697ce385bfa"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/cubism", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/cubism", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Cubism", "translated_title": "Cubism and its Impact", "id": "x98409839", "old_key_name": "Nz7Lz9_fy6NdxIQcC5bG3wYKwhGRcPCAitNkA7gj", "hide": false, "title": "Cubism and its Impact", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Cubism", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "The Spaniard Picasso changed the way we see the world. 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Should art only focus on the rational, the conscious, or should we also pay attention to the irrational, the uncanny, the powerful impulses that remain unarticulated and just beyond the reach of our awareness. Dada was born during WWI when poets, artists, and actors, sickened by the violence around them, chose to celebrate the irrational. They created an anti-art that challenged the cultural assumptions that they felt supported the ruling elite that had, in turn, caused the war. 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Dada was born during WWI when poets, artists, and actors, sickened by the violence around them, chose to celebrate the irrational. They created an anti-art that challenged the cultural assumptions that they felt supported the ruling elite that had, in turn, caused the war. 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There were no real art schools, no grand tradition of art, and no wealthy aristocratic patrons to commission heroic subjects. Americans were practical, and they wanted portraits—and not paintings of classical mythology (which didn’t always make American artists, at least those with wider ambitions, happy). As you’ll learn in this tutorial, Copley was the greatest American portrait painter of the period, and Peale, who studied with Copley, painted portraits of American heroes such as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, and founded what became the first real American art museum. 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Les Fauve (wild beasts) is what one critic called the brilliant expressive canvases of Matisse and other artists who exhibited together in 1905. This tutorial traces the work of Henri Matisse from his early Fauvist work with its jarringly bright colors to the stricter geometries he introduced during the First World War. It also tracks Expressionist developments in Germany and Austria with videos on Kirchner, Kandinsky and Jawlensky, artists who adopted a rough, “primitive” style, and on Egon Schiele’s taut, sexually charged paintings from Vienna.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "expressionism", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax8c3460c5", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/expressionism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/expressionism", "slug": "expressionism", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "151ae6ef836aa8acaef5b94d7b55d902d5e98cbd", "translated_description": "Wild Beasts! Les Fauve (wild beasts) is what one critic called the brilliant expressive canvases of Matisse and other artists who exhibited together in 1905. This tutorial traces the work of Henri Matisse from his early Fauvist work with its jarringly bright colors to the stricter geometries he introduced during the First World War. It also tracks Expressionist developments in Germany and Austria with videos on Kirchner, Kandinsky and Jawlensky, artists who adopted a rough, “primitive” style, and on Egon Schiele’s taut, sexually charged paintings from Vienna.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "151ae6ef836aa8acaef5b94d7b55d902d5e98cbd"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/flanders", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/flanders", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Flanders", "translated_title": "Flanders", "id": "xe1f59ecc", "old_key_name": "o3PZfBWDO1tEVT0nUBhGC2dyW-ojAelsewN4s2Mj", "hide": false, "title": "Flanders", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Flanders", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "In the 15th century, Flanders (an area that is today part of the Netherlands and Belgium) was ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy. The enormous wealth of the court of the Dukes and the wealth of the merchant class (in the thriving cities of Bruges and Tournai) made for a new interest in art that mimicked the material world, though in a way that was quite different from what was happening concurrently in Florence. Oil paint comes into its own in the work of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden, and we see how the artists of the North used it to create stunning illusions of fur, wood, wool, glass, and jewels.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "flanders", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axe1f59ecc", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/flanders", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/flanders", "slug": "flanders", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "83b736f01e5203d980d4c2c6d521830a7defbaf8", "translated_description": "In the 15th century, Flanders (an area that is today part of the Netherlands and Belgium) was ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy. The enormous wealth of the court of the Dukes and the wealth of the merchant class (in the thriving cities of Bruges and Tournai) made for a new interest in art that mimicked the material world, though in a way that was quite different from what was happening concurrently in Florence. Oil paint comes into its own in the work of Jan van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden, and we see how the artists of the North used it to create stunning illusions of fur, wood, wool, glass, and jewels.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "83b736f01e5203d980d4c2c6d521830a7defbaf8"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/flanders-1", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/flanders-1", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Flanders", "translated_title": "Flanders", "id": "xea43dd8d", "old_key_name": "2obVwVJWN9hiZFthEAj7Up81Z5ZjRIvYsab4ayRk", "hide": false, "title": "Flanders", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Flanders", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "This tutorial focuses on the art of Peter Paul Rubens, whose work was in high demand by nearly every King, Queen and aristocrat in Catholic Europe (good thing he had a huge workshop!). Rubens was a master of color, dramatic compositions, and movement. Although he was from Northern Europe, he traveled to Italy and absorbed the art of the Renaissance, of classical antiquity, and of Caravaggio. He painted nearly every type of subject—landscapes, portraits, mythology, and history paintings.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "flanders-1", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axea43dd8d", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/flanders-1", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/flanders-1", "slug": "flanders-1", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "c5263201d927860f0aff915139c3c7dc29ce198a", "translated_description": "This tutorial focuses on the art of Peter Paul Rubens, whose work was in high demand by nearly every King, Queen and aristocrat in Catholic Europe (good thing he had a huge workshop!). Rubens was a master of color, dramatic compositions, and movement. Although he was from Northern Europe, he traveled to Italy and absorbed the art of the Renaissance, of classical antiquity, and of Caravaggio. He painted nearly every type of subject—landscapes, portraits, mythology, and history paintings.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "c5263201d927860f0aff915139c3c7dc29ce198a"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/florence", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/florence", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Florence", "translated_title": "Florence", "id": "x12007035", "old_key_name": "CCjQKmH_4xV5qfsUHcUnfLjB-4W60o_uzlMCR6Da", "hide": false, "title": "Florence", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Florence", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "When Vasari wrote his enormously influential book, Lives of the Artists, in the 16th century, he credited Giotto, the 14th century Florentine artist with beginning \"the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years.\" In other words, for Vasari, Giotto was the first artist to leave behind the medieval practice of painting what one knows and believes, for the practice of painting what one sees. This tutorial looks at painting and sculpture in both Pisa and Florence to highlight some of the most forward-thinking art of this century.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "florence", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax12007035", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/florence", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/florence", "slug": "florence", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "ee31affa7cd23f3729320abddfd905139431af1e", "translated_description": "When Vasari wrote his enormously influential book, Lives of the Artists, in the 16th century, he credited Giotto, the 14th century Florentine artist with beginning \"the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years.\" In other words, for Vasari, Giotto was the first artist to leave behind the medieval practice of painting what one knows and believes, for the practice of painting what one sees. This tutorial looks at painting and sculpture in both Pisa and Florence to highlight some of the most forward-thinking art of this century.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "ee31affa7cd23f3729320abddfd905139431af1e"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/florence-1", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/florence-1", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Florence", "translated_title": "Florence", "id": "xdfe3b313", "old_key_name": "LAX0wRDV9mq2MpIrxXr8t-sCQuHYYU410TdIUJeX", "hide": false, "title": "Florence", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Florence", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "Walking through the streets of Florence in the summer isn’t always easy, it’s jam packed with students and tourists who have come to study and admire the city’s treasures including Michelangelo’s David, Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, and the engineering brilliance of Brunelleschi. Florence in the 15th Century was fabulously wealthy thanks to its banking and manufacturing families. The Medici, the de-facto rulers of the city, were bankers who commissioned some of the most important art of the Renaissance. Florence was also a center of the Humanist revival that in many ways is what separates our Modern world from the Medieval era.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "florence-1", "backup_timestamp": "2013-05-21T01:27:54Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axdfe3b313", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/florence-1", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1400-1500-renaissance-in-italy-and-the-north/florence-1", "slug": "florence-1", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "81e989daac03f296320c2b6716f393eadb467a7e", "translated_description": "Walking through the streets of Florence in the summer isn’t always easy, it’s jam packed with students and tourists who have come to study and admire the city’s treasures including Michelangelo’s David, Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, and the engineering brilliance of Brunelleschi. Florence in the 15th Century was fabulously wealthy thanks to its banking and manufacturing families. The Medici, the de-facto rulers of the city, were bankers who commissioned some of the most important art of the Renaissance. Florence was also a center of the Humanist revival that in many ways is what separates our Modern world from the Medieval era.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "81e989daac03f296320c2b6716f393eadb467a7e"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/france", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/france", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: France", "translated_title": "France", "id": "x23e591e8", "old_key_name": "75FMd9jsmUlscGxStYe5Iy535E-yN75uMZEQAfZM", "hide": false, "title": "France", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: France", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "In France, the LeNain Brothers painted scenes of every-day life (genre paintings), often depicting peasants. There was a renewal of interest in their art in the mid-Nineteenth Century, when the art critic, Champfluery wrote that the brothers “considered men in tatters more interesting than courtiers in embroidered garments.” At the same time, Poussin created a very different style—one that was highly intellectual and looked back to Renaissance, and ancient Greek and Roman art.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "france", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax23e591e8", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/france", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/france", "slug": "france", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "84a31adf5ccffdd3fe667ddbf4e2681a43f020a1", "translated_description": "In France, the LeNain Brothers painted scenes of every-day life (genre paintings), often depicting peasants. There was a renewal of interest in their art in the mid-Nineteenth Century, when the art critic, Champfluery wrote that the brothers “considered men in tatters more interesting than courtiers in embroidered garments.” At the same time, Poussin created a very different style—one that was highly intellectual and looked back to Renaissance, and ancient Greek and Roman art.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "84a31adf5ccffdd3fe667ddbf4e2681a43f020a1"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/gothic", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/gothic", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Gothic", "translated_title": "Gothic", "id": "xf59d3d2c", "old_key_name": "ZfO2aQ897R5ytYydd8dOSJquI0ZckDfamcmiyQzr", "hide": false, "title": "Gothic", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Gothic", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "No, we’re not talking about the dark subculture we know as Goth! We’re talking about the style of art and architecture In Europe from the 1100s to the beginnings of the Renaissance at about 1400. Hopefully by the end of this tutorial when someone says Gothic, you’ll think of enormous stained-glass windows in churches whose vaulted ceilings reach toward heaven and not black clothing and dark eyeliner!", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "gothic", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axf59d3d2c", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/gothic", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/gothic", "slug": "gothic", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "fc802149a51ef189b57f4d8b984f9562e798eb1b", "translated_description": "No, we’re not talking about the dark subculture we know as Goth! We’re talking about the style of art and architecture In Europe from the 1100s to the beginnings of the Renaissance at about 1400. 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This period sees hugely ambitious projects, from Michelangelo’s painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the rebuilding of St. Peter’s in Rome, to Raphael’s frescoes in the papal palace. We use this term to refer to the art of the Italian Renaissance, beginning with Leonardo, whose great masterpiece the Last Supper, actually dates to the last decades of the 15th century (history is never neat!). In the painting and sculpture of this period, ideally beautiful figures who move gracefully, often in complex, multi-figure compositions conveying the sense that human beings are an echo of the perfection of God.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "high-renaissance", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax9a536edf", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/high-renaissance", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/high-renaissance", "slug": "high-renaissance", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "05fa0e47bab8212ac0bea8c47ebbdaf6bcb887ca", "translated_description": "We don’t call this the “High” Renaissance for nothing! This period sees hugely ambitious projects, from Michelangelo’s painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the rebuilding of St. Peter’s in Rome, to Raphael’s frescoes in the papal palace. We use this term to refer to the art of the Italian Renaissance, beginning with Leonardo, whose great masterpiece the Last Supper, actually dates to the last decades of the 15th century (history is never neat!). 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This was a very good thing, since the institution that had been the main patron for art—the Church—was no longer in the business of commissioning art due to the Protestant Reformation. Dutch artists sought out new subjects of interest to their new clientele, scenes of everyday life (genre paintings), landscapes and still-lifes. There was also an enormous market for portraits. One of the greatest artist of this period, Rembrandt, made his name as a portrait painter, but was also a printmaker, and his work also includes moving interpretations of biblical subjects (though from a Protestant perspective).", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "holland", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax0665628b", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/holland", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/holland", "slug": "holland", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "b8b2e5af6dd042c77d259e07141f18d912f35795", "translated_description": "In the Protestant Dutch Republic of the 17th century there was an enormous demand for art from a wide cross-section of the public. This was a very good thing, since the institution that had been the main patron for art—the Church—was no longer in the business of commissioning art due to the Protestant Reformation. Dutch artists sought out new subjects of interest to their new clientele, scenes of everyday life (genre paintings), landscapes and still-lifes. There was also an enormous market for portraits. 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These artists described, in fleeting sensations of light, the new leisure pastimes of the city and its suburbs It’s hard to imagine, but at this time in France, the only place of consequence that artists could exhibit their work was the official government-sanctioned exhibitions (called salons), held just once a year, and controlled by a conservative jury. The Impressionists painted modern Paris and landscapes with a loose open brushstrokes, bright colors, and unconventional compositions—none of which was appreciated by the salon jury!", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "impressionism", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax68aeab5d", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/impressionism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/impressionism", "slug": "impressionism", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "87b75b5f902caaef4a8f5d1f26d0e39f648c5d9a", "translated_description": "Impressionism is both a style, and the name of a group of artists who did something radical—in 1874 they banded together and held their own independent exhibition. 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Islamic culture was among the most advanced and tolerant during the Medieval era. Cities from Isfahan in the East to Grenada in the West became important centers of art and learning. This tutorial looks at the sculpture, tilework, costume and interior spaces of this brilliant culture.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "islamic-art", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axd93410e3", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/islamic-art", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-400-1300-medieval---byzantine-eras/islamic-art", "slug": "islamic-art", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "f91c7ce8b9a29fdc7f60388103dbe6650fc8a485", "translated_description": "More than 1 billion people call themselves muslim and this monotheistic religion is now estimated to be the second largest in the world. 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We’ll look at the utterly convincing illusions of heaven on the painted ceilings of Il Gesu and St. Ignazio, and the way Caravaggio painted biblical scenes with a gritty realism that makes them look as though they are taking place on the streets of Rome. And of course we explore the great genius of the period, Bernini, who used every means at his disposal—painting, sculpture and architecture—in works like The Ecstasy of St. Theresa and the Cathedra Petri to bring the viewer closer to the divine.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "italy", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axc073d97d", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/italy", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/italy", "slug": "italy", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "d97e44a3becdb5c55e16aae64baaf61ab1ba4a98", "translated_description": "Baroque painting, sculpture and architecture in Italy seems to miraculously unite the heavenly and the earthly to deepen the faith of believers. 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Alma Tadema created sensual Victorian visions of the ancient Greeks and Romans, and Leighton too rendered classicizing figures and subjects. Both of these artists, together with Sargent, were influenced by the Aesthetic Movement, where the subject or narrative of a work of art was minimized in favor of a focus on issues of form (color harmonies, line, composition).", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "late-victorian", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax1bbb9ad1", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/late-victorian", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/late-victorian", "slug": "late-victorian", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "0c195344f164640cbbceaf50b8f5c21139b759b7", "translated_description": "British art saw a return to the classical after the 1860s, not just in terms of style, but also subject matter. 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If you were a young artist in the early decades of the 1500s you might have felt that there was nothing left to accomplish! Renaissance art was always based on the visual world—on representing things as we see them, but Mannerist art was more artificial, it looked to other art rather than to nature, and Mannerist artists purposely looked for complexity and difficulty to showcase their skills. Figures are elongated, the illusion of space that was so important for the Renaissance no longer makes sense, and the human body is often impossibly twisted.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "mannerism", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axd738e804", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/mannerism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/mannerism", "slug": "mannerism", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "a540a5e2d73ba59f59c1ea9e610d681c9b6b4a4f", "translated_description": "You could say that High Renaissance painters had achieved it all—ideally beautiful, graceful figures, rational spaces, and unified compositions with dozens of figures. If you were a young artist in the early decades of the 1500s you might have felt that there was nothing left to accomplish! Renaissance art was always based on the visual world—on representing things as we see them, but Mannerist art was more artificial, it looked to other art rather than to nature, and Mannerist artists purposely looked for complexity and difficulty to showcase their skills. Figures are elongated, the illusion of space that was so important for the Renaissance no longer makes sense, and the human body is often impossibly twisted.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "a540a5e2d73ba59f59c1ea9e610d681c9b6b4a4f"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/introduction-to-art-history/media", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/introduction-to-art-history/media", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Media", "translated_title": "Media", "id": "xbb362a46", "old_key_name": "KnERZfWrQQhgE2GLmIu4KLHGF5ElIcD4hpCFDoAw", "hide": false, "title": "Media", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Media", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "Watching a soccer game is a lot more interesting if you’ve actually played the game yourself. Similarly, art makes a lot more sense if you understand how it was made. Different materials can have a profound effect on how a work of art looks and how we respond to it. Learn about how artist’s made their own supplies before there were art supply stores! Understand the differences between oil and tempera and how marble is quarried and carved.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "media", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axbb362a46", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/introduction-to-art-history/media", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/introduction-to-art-history/media", "slug": "media", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "7df27d248d9af27629c72c360a62ada6c4986743", "translated_description": "Watching a soccer game is a lot more interesting if you’ve actually played the game yourself. Similarly, art makes a lot more sense if you understand how it was made. Different materials can have a profound effect on how a work of art looks and how we respond to it. 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Understand the differences between oil and tempera and how marble is quarried and carved.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "7df27d248d9af27629c72c360a62ada6c4986743"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/minimalism", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/minimalism", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Minimalism", "translated_title": "Minimalism & the Land", "id": "xfa3d1069", "old_key_name": "J7GrQ4gEt0oCRQJJYo9niSsEAIqqKI0JMn4CffsB", "hide": false, "title": "Minimalism & the Land", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Minimalism", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "“Primary Structures,” “ABC Art,” and “Minimalism” are terms that attempted to categorize the work of Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Sol Lewitt and other artists who produced hard edged, often geometric and seemingly machined objects in the later 1960s and early 1970s. These stark, often cold and cerebral forms were the very antithesis of the deeply emotive gestural art of the Abstract Expressionists and their followers who had dominated the New York art scene since the 1940s. Here was an art that renounced the authentic “hand’ of the artist and sought instead to create forms without reference to the world beyond the object’s own logic except perhaps as Platonic expressions of a pure ideal.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "minimalism", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axfa3d1069", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/minimalism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/minimalism", "slug": "minimalism", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "77f984e28f793d6ca834165fa4b61a08960193b2", "translated_description": "“Primary Structures,” “ABC Art,” and “Minimalism” are terms that attempted to categorize the work of Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Sol Lewitt and other artists who produced hard edged, often geometric and seemingly machined objects in the later 1960s and early 1970s. These stark, often cold and cerebral forms were the very antithesis of the deeply emotive gestural art of the Abstract Expressionists and their followers who had dominated the New York art scene since the 1940s. 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David served in the revolutionary government, used his art in the service of its cause—and voted to behead King Louis XVI. He captured the patriotism of the revolution’s early phase and later, memorialized its dead heroes. And when the revolution failed, and Napoleon came to power, David used his great talents to present a heroic image of that military general-turned emperor. David invents a new style for the democratic values of the Enlightenment—one that is the very opposite of the luxuriousness of the Rococo—and that looks back to Renaissance and ancient Greek art, hence the name—Neo-Classicism (new classicism).", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "neo-classicism", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axf9813705", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1700-1800-age-of-enlightenment/neo-classicism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1700-1800-age-of-enlightenment/neo-classicism", "slug": "neo-classicism", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "e58c8efe24813c8518224a3f47d5803888bcee45", "translated_description": "Jacques Louis David, an active supporter of the Revolution of 1789, is the star of this tutorial. David served in the revolutionary government, used his art in the service of its cause—and voted to behead King Louis XVI. He captured the patriotism of the revolution’s early phase and later, memorialized its dead heroes. And when the revolution failed, and Napoleon came to power, David used his great talents to present a heroic image of that military general-turned emperor. David invents a new style for the democratic values of the Enlightenment—one that is the very opposite of the luxuriousness of the Rococo—and that looks back to Renaissance and ancient Greek art, hence the name—Neo-Classicism (new classicism).", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "e58c8efe24813c8518224a3f47d5803888bcee45"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/neue-sachlichkeit", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1907-1960-age-of-global-conflict/neue-sachlichkeit", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Neue Sachlichkeit", "translated_title": "German Art Between the Wars", "id": "x5ec8d2a8", "old_key_name": "n88wipXhRCEIxC7q-5cbXzOkiymZjvRHcQ_NilSF", "hide": false, "title": "German Art Between the Wars", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Neue Sachlichkeit", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "Germany was defeated and exhausted in 1918 at the end of WWI. The equally exhausted victors imposed harsh terms on Germany. It was forced to forfeit its overseas colonial possessions, to cede land to its neighbors, and to pay reparations. As demobilized troops returned, German cities filled with unemployed, often maimed veterans. The Socialists briefly seized power and by the early 1920s hyperinflation further destabilized the nation. Neue Sachlichkeit or the New Objectivity cast a cold sharp eye on Modern Germany’s hypocrisy, aggression, and destitution even as extremists on the political right consolidated power. The National Socialists or Nazi Party won the chancellorship in 1933 and quickly used art and architecture as a means build the myth of a pure German people shaped by the land and unsullied by modern industrial culture. 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The Reformation had a direct impact on some of the greatest painters of this period, including the German artists Durer, who converted, and Cranach, who was a close friend of Luther. There was increasing exchange during this period between artists in Italy and those in Northern Europe in terms of both methods and style, though the two styles remain distinct. Here we see some of the most complex painting in the work of Holbein, some of the most playful in the work of Bruegel and some of the most terrifying in the work of Bosch.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "northern-renaissance", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax21135686", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/northern-renaissance", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1500-1600-end-of-the-renaissance-and-the-reformation/northern-renaissance", "slug": "northern-renaissance", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "51fad0469fd43b6a87d6baf6015ab5645b6f6ef3", "translated_description": "The Renaissance in the North continues, but now with the impact of the Protestant Reformation, where there was growing concern that images in the church violated the commandment against making likenesses, as part of the prohibition against worshipping idols. The Reformation had a direct impact on some of the greatest painters of this period, including the German artists Durer, who converted, and Cranach, who was a close friend of Luther. There was increasing exchange during this period between artists in Italy and those in Northern Europe in terms of both methods and style, though the two styles remain distinct. 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Must an artist actually “make” a work of art at all? Conceptual artists recognized that when the 19th Century avant-garde broke with the academies and their emphasis on technical execution (the blending color or compositional clarity for example), they were freer to focus on more conceptual issues such as modern urban life, subjectivity, or pictorial language. Fast forward to the second half of the Twentieth Century when intellectual content became the defining characteristic of art and concept fully eclipsed craft. In the 1960 and 70s the art of Beuys, Haacke and others became increasingly conceptual. 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Certainly van Gogh and Gauguin were friends and they briefly painted together, but each of these artists was concerned with solving particular issues that had to do with their own individual sensibility. Ironically, if anything ties these artists together it is this focus on subjectivity. This tutorial explores the sketchy multiperspectival views of Cézanne, Seurat’s systematized critiques of upper middle-class Paris, Gauguin’s fascination with the primitive and exotic, and van Gogh’s unerring ability to convey deeply human experiences.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "post-impressionism", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax5f5e7272", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/post-impressionism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/post-impressionism", "slug": "post-impressionism", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "345d8e52e054cfb049190023f49ae177c2a4c515", "translated_description": "The work of van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne and Seurat together constitute Post-Impressionism and yet their work is so varied and unrelated, we might never otherwise think of these four artists as a group. 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Key to understanding Modern art are the ideas of a heroic “avant-garde” that challenges authority and the expression of the individual (one that is invariably white and male). The term “Post-Modernism,” was initially used in the art world in 1979 for architecture that arbitrarily borrowed historical styles with little regard for original meaning or context. The term was quickly and broadly adopted, and came to refer to a strategy to undermine Modernism’s utopian and heroizing tendencies by using multiple yet simultaneous critical perspectives. 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Even as Pop, Minimal and Concept artists renounced the handmade work of art, a small group of women recognized the subversive value of handicraft in an age of industrial manufacturing and in an art world dominated by male artists and critics who sought theoretical purity. During her short career, Eva Hesse resituated the ancient question of how to meaningfully represent the human body and unleashed decades of experimentation that continues to this day. Judy Chicago, Linda Benglis, Jackie Windsor, Faith Ringgold, and others used the lowly status of craft and its historical association with female artisans to contrast with “high art.” By focusing of the act of making, on process and craft, these women began the process of fracturing Modernism’s reductive and largely male narratives.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "process-art", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax2233bc2d", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/process-art", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1960---age-of-post-colonialism/process-art", "slug": "process-art", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "49ceaec467e516b01a1af66f288463c280600af1", "translated_description": "By the second half of the 20th Century, the avant-garde had an avant-garde of its own. 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Western Europe (what is now Italy, France, Spain, England, etc.) had been repeatedly invaded. The result was a fractured feudal society with little stability and little economic growth. Charlemagne and the Ottonians had partially and briefly unified the West, and of course the Church was a stabilizing institution, but it was only in the 11th Century that everything changed. Now there was finally enough peace and prosperity to allow for travel and for the widespread construction of large buildings. These were, with rare exceptions, the first large structures to be built in the West since the fall of the Romans so many centuries before. We call the period Romanesque (Roman-like) because the masons of this period looked back to the architecture of ancient Rome. The relative calm of the Romanesque period also meant it was possible to travel, and the faithful set out on pilgrimages in great numbers to visit holy relics in churches across Europe. 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Charlemagne and the Ottonians had partially and briefly unified the West, and of course the Church was a stabilizing institution, but it was only in the 11th Century that everything changed. Now there was finally enough peace and prosperity to allow for travel and for the widespread construction of large buildings. These were, with rare exceptions, the first large structures to be built in the West since the fall of the Romans so many centuries before. We call the period Romanesque (Roman-like) because the masons of this period looked back to the architecture of ancient Rome. The relative calm of the Romanesque period also meant it was possible to travel, and the faithful set out on pilgrimages in great numbers to visit holy relics in churches across Europe. 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Constable painted his native suffolk, where he spent his childhood, and imbued it with a sense of affection for rural life. Turner, on the other hand, created dramatic and sublime landscapes with a sense of the heroic or even the tragic. 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Soon after, two distinct trends emerge in French painting, one—represented by the artist Delacroix—was rebellious, and emphasized emotion, color and loose brushwork. The other—which can be seen in the art of Ingres—upheld tradition, and emphasized line and a highly finished surface.  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The world had changed dramatically since the time of Michelangelo, Bernini and Rembrandt, and as a result, Friedrich approached these big questions without the Christian narratives that dominated the art of the past. And like his English counterparts during this period, he imbues nature and the landscape with symbolic and often spiritual meaning.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "romanticism-in-germany", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axfe4c2595", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-germany", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-germany", "slug": "romanticism-in-germany", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "61eecc878900d48ac4aeeb8167bcd176a5931d24", "translated_description": "This tutorial focuses exclusively on the art of Caspar David Friedrich, whose work best exemplifies Romanticism’s interest in the big questions of man’s mortality and place in the universe. 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Goya began his career designing tapestries for the royal residences, and eventually became court painter to the King of Spain. But after Napoleon’s army occupied Spain and deposed the King, Goya documented the horrors he witnessed. His work following the occupation, including the Third of May 1808, remains some of the most powerful anti-war images ever created. His later years were spent largely in a house outside Madrid which he painted with haunting scenes. Saturn Devouring his sons belongs to this late series, known as the “Black Paintings.”", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "romanticism-in-spain", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axdfe479bc", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-spain", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-spain", "slug": "romanticism-in-spain", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "7408d12f20534d46a021868f1b37aaa2b9cddecc", "translated_description": "The great artist Francisco Goya is the focus of this tutorial. Goya began his career designing tapestries for the royal residences, and eventually became court painter to the King of Spain. But after Napoleon’s army occupied Spain and deposed the King, Goya documented the horrors he witnessed. His work following the occupation, including the Third of May 1808, remains some of the most powerful anti-war images ever created. His later years were spent largely in a house outside Madrid which he painted with haunting scenes. Saturn Devouring his sons belongs to this late series, known as the “Black Paintings.”", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "7408d12f20534d46a021868f1b37aaa2b9cddecc"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-the-united-states", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-the-united-states", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Romanticism in the United States", "translated_title": "Romanticism in the United States", "id": "xdf41a2fc", "old_key_name": "ZFJnksFR8RUP73vyYAABtPO21tSFcTX5YWGxDl44", "hide": false, "title": "Romanticism in the United States", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Romanticism in the United States", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "romanticism-in-the-united-states", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axdf41a2fc", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-the-united-states", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1800-1848-industrial-revolution-i/romanticism-in-the-united-states", "slug": "romanticism-in-the-united-states", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": null, "sha": "a7455c29e3f72bec677e535d23b679aac900952b", "translated_description": "", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "a7455c29e3f72bec677e535d23b679aac900952b"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/second-empire", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/second-empire", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Second Empire", "translated_title": "Art & the French State", "id": "x79e94e3a", "old_key_name": "TNP1d8F1kpBf1xk_BqO-dzM0TuniQ7f8lps9nRlh", "hide": false, "title": "Art & the French State", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Second Empire", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "Despite the brief dismantling of the Royal Academy during the French Revolution, art remained an extension of the power of the French State which regularly purchased art that it favored (often art that supported its political objectives). Through the Royal Academy (originally been founded by Louis XIV), the state extended its reach to the official exhibitions (salons) and to matters of style and subject matter through the École des Beaux Arts (School of Fine Arts). These were not just the official institutions of art, they were, in essence, the only institutions available for living artists to train and to make their work known. This tutorial looks at a crucial moment for painting, on the eve of the Revolution of 1848. We also examine one of the great State commissions of the Second Empire, The Opera House, as well as The Dance, a sculpture that adorned its façade.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "second-empire", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax79e94e3a", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/second-empire", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/second-empire", "slug": "second-empire", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "2f37a12c0b092ed7248630d57757fe156cd25985", "translated_description": "Despite the brief dismantling of the Royal Academy during the French Revolution, art remained an extension of the power of the French State which regularly purchased art that it favored (often art that supported its political objectives). 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We also examine one of the great State commissions of the Second Empire, The Opera House, as well as The Dance, a sculpture that adorned its façade.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "2f37a12c0b092ed7248630d57757fe156cd25985"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/siena", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/siena", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Siena", "translated_title": "Siena", "id": "x5de5f7ed", "old_key_name": "6l5W0P4flcuJ4NKkdlbj5UbAQNjLNj1NG1aNUmXU", "hide": false, "title": "Siena", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Siena", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "When we think of the Renaissance, we tend to think of Florence (and Rome). But the city of Siena also deserves our attention. Today, the lovely walled city of Siena is one of the best preserved Medieval cities in Europe and it was chosen by the United Nations as a World Heritage Site. In the 14th Century, Siena was an independent nation and often at war with its neighbor, Florence. Some of  the most important art of the 14th Century was commissioned for Siena’s Cathedral and town hall. Duccio and his students, the Lorenzetti Brothers and Simone Martini produced large-scale painting with an intricacy and subtle coloration that is unique in the Renaissance.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "siena", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax5de5f7ed", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/siena", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1300-1400-proto-renaissance/siena", "slug": "siena", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "5b7518b3efb510098ba64900ff308810ae527b04", "translated_description": "When we think of the Renaissance, we tend to think of Florence (and Rome). But the city of Siena also deserves our attention. Today, the lovely walled city of Siena is one of the best preserved Medieval cities in Europe and it was chosen by the United Nations as a World Heritage Site. In the 14th Century, Siena was an independent nation and often at war with its neighbor, Florence. Some of  the most important art of the 14th Century was commissioned for Siena’s Cathedral and town hall. Duccio and his students, the Lorenzetti Brothers and Simone Martini produced large-scale painting with an intricacy and subtle coloration that is unique in the Renaissance.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "5b7518b3efb510098ba64900ff308810ae527b04"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/spain", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/spain", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Spain", "translated_title": "Spain", "id": "x51288d14", "old_key_name": "zKGOzcb7l_kkFRStFvtN9CCxYnqdnTxUWrtofQMU", "hide": false, "title": "Spain", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Spain", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "The main focus of this tutorial, and a leading artist at this time is the great Diego Velazquez, who spent most of his career as the court painter to the King of Spain painting official portraits. But in the hands of Velazquez, even mundane portraits became masterpieces of brushwork and color. His early work was influenced by the realism of Caravaggio. Get up close to the princess in his later masterpiece, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), and you’ll see broad brushstrokes of red, pink, black and white, but step back and they magically resolve to create a perfect illusion of the silk of her dress and the light moving across her face and hair. No other artist, except perhaps Titian and Rubens, revealed so honestly the alchemy of painting—how paint can be turned into reality.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "spain", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax51288d14", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/spain", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1600-1700-the-baroque/spain", "slug": "spain", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "9219d8b0461d1efe925bac9501d4bb7999125833", "translated_description": "The main focus of this tutorial, and a leading artist at this time is the great Diego Velazquez, who spent most of his career as the court painter to the King of Spain painting official portraits. But in the hands of Velazquez, even mundane portraits became masterpieces of brushwork and color. His early work was influenced by the realism of Caravaggio. Get up close to the princess in his later masterpiece, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), and you’ll see broad brushstrokes of red, pink, black and white, but step back and they magically resolve to create a perfect illusion of the silk of her dress and the light moving across her face and hair. No other artist, except perhaps Titian and Rubens, revealed so honestly the alchemy of painting—how paint can be turned into reality.", "y_pos": 0.0, "current_revision_key": "9219d8b0461d1efe925bac9501d4bb7999125833"}, {"icon_src": "", "domain_slug": "humanities", "relative_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/symbolism", "ka_url": "http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/symbolism", "translated_standalone_title": "Art History: Symbolism", "translated_title": "Symbolism & Art Nouveau", "id": "xa5f779e9", "old_key_name": "wGjAOzYrVObk4ilfBv_YskJ6rpneSP9UPZpgDaKM", "hide": false, "title": "Symbolism & Art Nouveau", "tags": [], "standalone_title": "Art History: Symbolism", "in_knowledge_map": false, "description": "The 1880s saw a shift away from the modern-life focus of Impressionism, as artists turned toward the interior self, to dreams, and myth. There was a sense that Impressionism had been too tied up with the materialism of middle-class culture. In some ways, van Gogh and Gauguin can also be seen as Symbolists. Many Symbolist belonged to groups of artists who broke away (or seceded) from the art establishment in their respective countries, to hold their own exhibitions. For example, Klimt belonged to the Vienna Secession (he was its first president), Khnopff to a similar group in Belgium called Lex XX (The Twenty), and Stuck co-founded the Munich Secession.", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "symbolism", "backup_timestamp": "2013-04-24T10:20:59Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "axa5f779e9", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/symbolism", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/art-history-1848-1907-industrial-revolution-ii/symbolism", "slug": "symbolism", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "6d92f865a2e8eab4789c76d3a76e9f8bb96ef394", "translated_description": "The 1880s saw a shift away from the modern-life focus of Impressionism, as artists turned toward the interior self, to dreams, and myth. There was a sense that Impressionism had been too tied up with the materialism of middle-class culture. In some ways, van Gogh and Gauguin can also be seen as Symbolists. Many Symbolist belonged to groups of artists who broke away (or seceded) from the art establishment in their respective countries, to hold their own exhibitions. 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We’ve tried to answer the real questions that come up during a typical visit to a modern art museum. Learn how describing can help you slow down and better understand what a work of art is communicating. Learn how important historical context is and how meaning can change over time. This tutorial asks: Why is art important? How can a snow shovel be art? How can we find meaning in abstract art?", "x_pos": 0.0, "node_slug": "the-basics", "backup_timestamp": "2013-05-21T01:27:54Z", "render_type": "Tutorial", "assessment_progress_key": "ax18411f9d", "topic_page_url": "/humanities/art-history/introduction-to-art-history/the-basics", "extended_slug": "humanities/art-history/introduction-to-art-history/the-basics", "slug": "the-basics", "kind": "Topic", "in_topic_browser": false, "sha": "94ab08bcab284bea127e50beb198ca2cbbb97789", "translated_description": "If you’ve ever found yourself saying “How can that be art?,” then this tutorial is for you! 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Even in societies where the biblical law forbidding the graven image is most strictly interpreted (Judaism and Islam for example), there have always been instances of figural art. 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